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Avec la conquête de l'Algérie, qui débute en 1830, commence pour la France un siècle d'expansion sans précédent, qui va permettre au pays de se constituer un empire colonial couvrant une partie de l'Afrique et de l'Asie. Une expansion menée au nom du "progrès" et sous couvert de "missions civilisatrice". Mais en réalité, ces conquêtes territoriales ont été le résultat de campagnes militaires particulièrement violentes. Car, là où la France a tenté de planter son drapeau, elle a dû faire face à une résistance acharnée, de l'Algérie à l'Afrique noire, puis de l'Indochine au Maroc.
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00:00:00The history of colonization is the history of a great upheaval that shaped the world as we know it.
00:00:12For several centuries, France built a colonial empire of 11 million square kilometers across the oceans.
00:00:22An empire that was conquered by force and sound.
00:00:25An empire where tens of millions of inhabitants lived, kept in a state of subjugation, yet who never ceased to fight to free themselves from the colonizer.
00:00:41These were peoples whom France ultimately proved incapable of guiding towards independence, when there was still time.
00:00:50This story is our story.
00:00:52It also tells us about France today, where from this violent confrontation between peoples an irreversible community of destiny was born.
00:01:01It's ours.
00:01:02It's ours.
00:01:06!
00:02:09On the old port of Marseille, cameraman Alexandre Promio embarks with his new camera, bound for his French colonies.
00:02:17The filmmaker imagines bringing back from his trip reels full of exotic dreams and national grandeur.
00:02:28But what the images of this precursor of cinematography will not show is that this territorial expansion was, everywhere, the result of particularly violent military conquests.
00:02:43Because wherever France tried to plant its flag, it faced fierce resistance.
00:02:51Having arrived on the other side of the Mediterranean, Alexandre Promio discovers the port of Algiers, shaped by years of French presence.
00:03:10Promio captures for us the astonishing place of the government, a colonial mix so typical that local religious tradition and the Republic's passion for the statues of its military glories coexist.
00:03:27The operator is fascinated by the Mediterranean exoticism that unfolds before him.
00:03:40From Promio's perspective, the capital of Algeria appears peaceful, of course, because the French have been here for 60 years.
00:03:49However, this conquest of Algeria was a true war, long and deadly.
00:04:04A conquest that began in June 1830, when the French fleet bombarded Algiers at the request of King Charles X, under the pretext of freeing Christian slaves.
00:04:15In reality, the king wants to restore the luster to his reign, and above all to favor the shipowners of the port of Marseille.
00:04:29Thanks to the paintings of Horace Vernet, who immortalized this conquest, we can appreciate the violence of a campaign led by Marshal Bugeot.
00:04:39Bugeot, an ardent monarchist, chose a war without mercy.
00:04:45These troops have orders to destroy everything in their path.
00:04:49Looting, rape, destruction.
00:04:52The country is soon engulfed in fire and bloodshed.
00:04:58A scorched-earth policy, in an attempt to overcome the fierce resistance organized by Emir Abdelkader,
00:05:06which brought together several Algerian tribes.
00:05:08Faced with the relentless attacks of the Muslim theologian, Bugeot soon found himself short of troops.
00:05:14and must recruit local auxiliaries from the French army.
00:05:21They then chose from among the tribes hostile to Abdelkader,
00:05:24cavalrymen who formed the first regiment of this Algerian country.
00:05:27A crucial reinforcement for Bugeot's troops, who eventually gained the upper hand.
00:05:46The first hero of an Algerian nation that did not yet exist, but whose spirit he breathed into being.
00:05:51Here, Abdelkader was condemned to exile in 1847.
00:05:55as will be most of the war leaders who will rise up against France.
00:06:05It will take French soldiers several decades
00:06:08to eventually conquer the entire territory,
00:06:11from Auron to Constantine.
00:06:13A bloody conquest
00:06:18which will have caused several hundred thousand victims on the Algerian side.
00:06:29And so France turned Algeria into a settler colony.
00:06:34deploying across the country's major cities,
00:06:37like here in Clemsen.
00:06:38The first to settle there will be Parisian workers.
00:06:44national factories laid off
00:06:47and encouraged to try their luck in Algeria.
00:06:58Then it will be the farmers of the French countryside,
00:07:00from Spain or Italy,
00:07:02who, in an attempt to offer a decent future to their children,
00:07:05will respond to the call from the French government.
00:07:08As thousands of Alsatians will do,
00:07:12fleeing the German occupation after 1870.
00:07:18These ordinary, hardworking families
00:07:20discover this Saharan western
00:07:22with its stagecoaches and military escorts
00:07:25to move inland.
00:07:31Often, upon their arrival,
00:07:34These European emigrants only possess what the government is willing to give them.
00:07:38That's what this farmer from Franche-Comté says.
00:07:44Upon arrival, we were given a house,
00:07:47But there was neither bread nor water.
00:07:50We only had a blanket,
00:07:53an empty straw mattress and a sheet to sleep 12 people.
00:07:55Then, our concessions were granted to us.
00:07:59which are not as delicious as we initially thought.
00:08:06Lands that the settlers will strive to cultivate
00:08:08and which were often requisitioned by the administration
00:08:12to the detriment of the Algerians.
00:08:13Soon, entire villages were built.
00:08:20according to the plans provided by the military engineering corps.
00:08:24A rectangle 500 meters long,
00:08:26pierced by seven aligned streets
00:08:27and intersecting at a right angle,
00:08:30of which several spaces are reserved
00:08:32for the school, the town hall
00:08:33and the Catholic Church.
00:08:35While this colonization
00:08:52It was unanimously approved in Paris.
00:08:54A few voices are trying to rise up
00:08:55against this claim of wanting to reproduce here
00:08:58France in miniature.
00:09:02This is the case of the journalist
00:09:04and writer Guy de Maupassant
00:09:05who is surprised by this transformation
00:09:08from the city of Algiers
00:09:09when he is sent on assignment
00:09:11by the newspaper Le Gaulois.
00:09:17From the very first steps,
00:09:19We are embarrassed.
00:09:21We're the ones who look like barbarians.
00:09:22in the midst of these barbarians,
00:09:24but who are at home
00:09:25and to whom the centuries have taught customs
00:09:28whose meaning we do not seem to have yet understood.
00:09:34Our Parisian houses,
00:09:37our customs that they want to impose,
00:09:39our practices,
00:09:40All of this is shocking on this soil.
00:09:42like gross errors in art,
00:09:44wisdom
00:09:45and understanding.
00:09:47Everything we do here
00:09:49seems a challenge to the earth itself.
00:09:51This astonishing colonial Algeria
00:10:00which Guy de Maupassant criticized in 1880
00:10:02has become the pride of the Republic.
00:10:09Three departments,
00:10:11from Algiers, Oran and Constantine,
00:10:14who came to reinforce
00:10:15the former French colonial domain
00:10:17born in the 17th century.
00:10:21That was indeed almost 300 years ago
00:10:29that France has a presence in the Caribbean,
00:10:31on the islands of Guadeloupe
00:10:33and from Martinique.
00:10:37Centuries during which
00:10:38the Europeans organized
00:10:40the slave trade from Africa.
00:10:43Tens of thousands of men and women
00:10:46torn from their village
00:10:47because they were sold by a few complicit African kings,
00:10:51then forcibly settled in these islands
00:10:53to work on the plantations
00:10:55of sugar cane or cocoa.
00:10:59Slaves who will rebel
00:11:01repeatedly
00:11:02and who in 1848
00:11:04obtain through their fight
00:11:05not only the abolition of slavery
00:11:07In France,
00:11:09but also full French citizenship
00:11:12giving birth in the Antilles
00:11:13to a mixed-race society
00:11:15who claims to take
00:11:17its rightful place in the Republic.
00:11:24The former colonies,
00:11:26It is also French Guiana,
00:11:28attached to South America,
00:11:29who was originally
00:11:30a penal colony
00:11:32with the Cayenne penal colony.
00:11:36This is finally the island in the Indian Ocean,
00:11:39off the coast of Africa,
00:11:40which was called Bourbon
00:11:41and which became the island of Réunion.
00:11:54From this former colonial estate,
00:11:57France is preparing to build an empire.
00:12:02Because a race for territory
00:12:04has just been activated
00:12:05with Great Britain.
00:12:11The two countries then lived
00:12:19an industrial revolution,
00:12:21coal and steel
00:12:22which gives them financial power
00:12:24and unprecedented military.
00:12:28Territorial expansion
00:12:30would allow them to find
00:12:32raw materials,
00:12:34such as commercial opportunities
00:12:35necessary for their industry
00:12:36in full development.
00:12:42The era will therefore be
00:12:44that of empires
00:12:44and imperialism.
00:12:48That's to say
00:12:48the domination of a people
00:12:50by another people
00:12:51in order to control
00:12:52the riches of territories
00:12:53ever larger.
00:12:55And this domination
00:12:56which feeds the imagination,
00:12:59there will be many of them
00:13:00among the French elites
00:13:00to defend it ardently.
00:13:07When he becomes
00:13:08head of government,
00:13:09the left-wing republican
00:13:10Jules Ferry
00:13:11fully claims
00:13:13this colonial ambition.
00:13:15Question of economic development
00:13:17but also a question of power
00:13:19that we need to find
00:13:20after the defeat
00:13:21against Prussia in 1870.
00:13:27Ferry then sets off
00:13:28within a colonial policy
00:13:30of magnitude.
00:13:30his first objective
00:13:34is to counter
00:13:35British ambitions
00:13:36and Italian
00:13:37in North Africa.
00:13:43His first target
00:13:44It will therefore be Tunisia.
00:13:47Using the debt as a pretext
00:13:48contracted by the bay
00:13:49from Tunis
00:13:49with French banks
00:13:51and tension
00:13:52who reigns
00:13:52on the border with Algeria,
00:13:54the government decides
00:13:55to intervene militarily.
00:14:00several French battleships
00:14:05head towards the port
00:14:06from Bizerte.
00:14:096000 soldiers land
00:14:10and march on Tunis.
00:14:11The Bay of Tunisia
00:14:19in his palace
00:14:20Bardot
00:14:21cannot resist
00:14:22militarily
00:14:23to France.
00:14:25He is obliged
00:14:25to accept
00:14:26in 1881
00:14:27that his country
00:14:28become
00:14:28a French protectorate.
00:14:32Tunisia
00:14:33is now
00:14:34under close control
00:14:35of a resident general
00:14:36appointed by Paris.
00:14:45For Jules Ferry,
00:14:47this French expansion,
00:14:49patriotic
00:14:50and economical
00:14:50doubles
00:14:51of a moral objective.
00:14:54Colonization
00:14:56is for him
00:14:56a question
00:14:57of civilization.
00:15:00Like many
00:15:01at the time,
00:15:02Ferry is convinced
00:15:03that Europeans
00:15:04have a duty
00:15:04to civilize
00:15:05these African races
00:15:06and the East
00:15:07that one considers
00:15:08then as inferior.
00:15:12That's what he explains
00:15:13to the members of parliament.
00:15:16Is anyone
00:15:17can deny
00:15:17that there is more justice,
00:15:19more fairness,
00:15:20more social virtue
00:15:22in North Africa
00:15:23since France
00:15:24Has he conquered her?
00:15:26In the Chamber of Deputies,
00:15:32there will hardly be
00:15:33that the republican
00:15:34Georges Clemenceau
00:15:35to dare to challenge
00:15:36this thesis
00:15:37of a hierarchy
00:15:38between the races
00:15:38and answer Ferry.
00:15:42Ever since I saw
00:15:43in 1870
00:15:45German scientists
00:15:46to demonstrate scientifically
00:15:47that France
00:15:48had to be defeated
00:15:49because French
00:15:50is of a race
00:15:51inferior to German,
00:15:53I'm taking a second look at it
00:15:54before turning around
00:15:55towards a man
00:15:55and to qualify it
00:15:57inferior.
00:15:57But France
00:16:05who dreams
00:16:06technological advances
00:16:07and modernity
00:16:08at the end of the 19th century
00:16:09will not hear
00:16:10Clemenceau.
00:16:12And the left
00:16:13prefers to rally
00:16:14to the idea
00:16:14of a colonization
00:16:15civilizing
00:16:16faithful to the philosophy
00:16:18of the Enlightenment.
00:16:18A colonization
00:16:24who in the name of progress
00:16:25human
00:16:25must not know
00:16:26of limits.
00:16:28In the image
00:16:29of what he defends
00:16:30at the same time
00:16:30Victor Hugo,
00:16:32the great writer
00:16:33who in a speech
00:16:33so typical of the era
00:16:35brings with vigor
00:16:36his support
00:16:37to the colonial project
00:16:38from France.
00:16:44God offers
00:16:44Africa to Europe
00:16:45take it
00:16:47take it
00:16:49no for the cannon
00:16:50but for the plow
00:16:51no to the sword
00:16:53but for trade
00:16:54no to the battle
00:16:57but for industry
00:16:58no to conquest
00:17:00but for brotherhood.
00:17:03Come on,
00:17:04do,
00:17:05build roads
00:17:05make ports
00:17:07make cities
00:17:08believe,
00:17:09cultivate,
00:17:10colonize,
00:17:11multiply.
00:17:17Jules Ferry
00:17:19will exceed
00:17:20expectations
00:17:20by Victor Hugo
00:17:21especially since he doesn't count
00:17:23not to waste a moment
00:17:24because Great Britain
00:17:26has already taken
00:17:26a head start
00:17:27spreading from India
00:17:29to South Africa.
00:17:32If France
00:17:33doesn't want to be left behind,
00:17:35she must launch
00:17:35expeditions
00:17:36on all continents
00:17:37and first
00:17:39to look
00:17:40beyond the Sahara
00:17:41towards the vast Black Africa.
00:17:48Ferry sends
00:17:49a young officer
00:17:50Pierre Savornion de Braza
00:17:52to discover
00:17:53of the mysterious
00:17:54Equatorial Africa
00:17:55where no European
00:17:57has not yet ventured there.
00:18:07The naval officer
00:18:19to the soul of an explorer
00:18:21wants to be one of the first
00:18:22to reach the Congo River
00:18:24south of the Equator.
00:18:30From the small French trading post
00:18:31from Libreville to Gabon,
00:18:33Pierre Savornion de Braza
00:18:34goes up the river to Goué
00:18:36and founds a new station
00:18:38that he calls
00:18:39Franceville.
00:18:42Then,
00:18:43he sets off in search
00:18:44of the mythical Congo River
00:18:45of which we do not know
00:18:46the exact location.
00:18:50The last few kilometers
00:18:51will be the most difficult
00:18:52as he will tell it.
00:18:56We left
00:18:57our raft
00:18:57to walk
00:18:58on a plateau
00:18:59uninhabited.
00:19:02Sunburned,
00:19:03lost several times,
00:19:05I thought I was lost.
00:19:06At 11 PM,
00:19:10after a final forced march,
00:19:13our view expanded
00:19:13suddenly
00:19:14on a vast expanse of water
00:19:16whose silvery sheen
00:19:18was going to blend in
00:19:18in the shadow of high mountains.
00:19:22The Congo,
00:19:24the mysterious river,
00:19:26flowed majestically
00:19:27at our feet.
00:19:30It was there
00:19:30one of these shows
00:19:32which imposes on travelers
00:19:33for a religious silence.
00:19:37In this silence,
00:19:38my French heart
00:19:39beat harder
00:19:40because I knew
00:19:41than here
00:19:42was going to decide
00:19:43the fate of my mission.
00:19:44Braza is an idealist
00:19:52and pacifist
00:19:53who refuses
00:19:54to make use
00:19:55of strength.
00:19:56He seduced the king
00:19:57Bateke people,
00:19:58Makoko I,
00:19:59and proposes to him
00:20:00an agreement.
00:20:02The king,
00:20:02without necessarily measuring
00:20:03the consequences
00:20:04of his signature,
00:20:06accepts the treaty
00:20:06which makes its territory
00:20:07along the Congo River
00:20:09a French protectorate
00:20:10including the capital
00:20:12will be Brazzaville.
00:20:20Success
00:20:21of France
00:20:21in Congo
00:20:22creates strong tensions
00:20:23between European powers.
00:20:26It becomes imperative
00:20:28to agree
00:20:28if each
00:20:29wants to have
00:20:30his share
00:20:30of the African continent.
00:20:31then in Berlin
00:20:35in 1885,
00:20:37English,
00:20:37French,
00:20:38Belgians and Germans
00:20:39agree
00:20:40on the conditions
00:20:41of this future
00:20:41The dismemberment of Africa.
00:20:47Everyone will be able to
00:20:48to get started
00:20:48to the assault
00:20:48new territories
00:20:49on the condition
00:20:50to put
00:20:51All right
00:20:51between Europeans
00:20:52on the borders
00:20:53tiebreaker
00:20:54possessions
00:20:54some
00:20:54and others.
00:21:01This agreement
00:21:04from Berlin
00:21:04is like
00:21:05the signal
00:21:05what was waiting for
00:21:06the French army
00:21:07to get going
00:21:07in Africa
00:21:08on several fronts
00:21:09at the start
00:21:10counters
00:21:11French from Saint-Louis
00:21:12and Dakar
00:21:13in Senegal.
00:21:17Campaigns
00:21:18military
00:21:18of magnitude
00:21:19who demand
00:21:19a large number
00:21:20soldiers
00:21:21and so
00:21:22recruitment
00:21:22local
00:21:22additional forces.
00:21:24As she will
00:21:29throughout the Empire
00:21:30France
00:21:31relies here
00:21:32on the oppositions
00:21:33tribal
00:21:33or religious
00:21:34to attract
00:21:35volunteers.
00:21:39Thanks to a sale
00:21:40consequent
00:21:40and to a status
00:21:41protective
00:21:42the riflemen
00:21:43Senegalese
00:21:44are now
00:21:45several thousand.
00:21:49These soldiers
00:21:50will become
00:21:50the colonial army
00:21:51the most trained
00:21:52and the most used
00:21:53by the Republic.
00:21:54to lead
00:21:54his conquest
00:21:55of the continent.
00:21:58And this conquest
00:21:59It's going to be bloody.
00:22:07Because Africa
00:22:08far from being
00:22:09a blank plot of land
00:22:10civilization
00:22:11as we wish
00:22:11to make himself believe it
00:22:12in Paris
00:22:12is structured
00:22:14for centuries
00:22:15by many kingdoms
00:22:16and great nomadic empires.
00:22:21The first opponent
00:22:22to get up
00:22:23on the way
00:22:23on the way
00:22:23French
00:22:24is the king
00:22:25Béanzin
00:22:26of Dahomey
00:22:26future state of Benin.
00:22:30Béanzin
00:22:30presented
00:22:31in the press
00:22:32Parisian
00:22:32like a clay king
00:22:33bloodthirsty
00:22:34and slave owner
00:22:35especially
00:22:36dared to refuse
00:22:37the protectorate
00:22:38that was being offered to him.
00:22:38Repeatedly
00:22:42the king of Dahomey
00:22:43calls
00:22:44the president
00:22:44of the Republic.
00:22:48God
00:22:48created
00:22:49the Black
00:22:49and the White
00:22:50each
00:22:51to live in
00:22:51the earth
00:22:52which was
00:22:52designated.
00:22:54The White
00:22:54takes care of
00:22:55trade
00:22:55and the Black
00:22:57accepted
00:22:58to do business
00:22:58with the white.
00:23:00But the kings
00:23:01of Dahomey
00:23:01have never
00:23:02given their territory.
00:23:03they cannot
00:23:04It's impossible
00:23:05and never
00:23:07We will not give in.
00:23:14Violent fighting
00:23:15pit the French against each other
00:23:16to the Amazons
00:23:17from Béanzin.
00:23:185000 female fighters
00:23:19particularly trained
00:23:21but who will be
00:23:22crushed
00:23:22by the troops
00:23:23colonial.
00:23:28Béanzin
00:23:29like the Algerian
00:23:30Abdelkader
00:23:31before him
00:23:31will be exiled
00:23:33far from his Africa
00:23:33natal
00:23:34on the island
00:23:35from Martinique.
00:23:44The French army
00:23:46progresses now
00:23:46north of Dahomey
00:23:47but the resistance
00:23:51will be
00:23:51of a completely different
00:23:52magnitude
00:23:52when the officers
00:23:53colonial
00:23:54will face
00:23:54Samori Touré
00:23:55warrior chief
00:23:56Mandingo
00:23:57reigning over
00:23:58more than 400,000
00:23:59square kilometers.
00:24:03a vast empire
00:24:05nomadic
00:24:06unified
00:24:06by Islam
00:24:07which extended
00:24:08from Guinea
00:24:09current
00:24:09to Ivory Coast
00:24:10and as far as Burkina Faso.
00:24:18For 15 years
00:24:19Samori Touré
00:24:20will fight
00:24:21against the French.
00:24:21But despite
00:24:28these 30,000 men
00:24:28Samori will resist
00:24:30with difficulty
00:24:31to the power
00:24:31of French fire.
00:24:35Obliged
00:24:36to retreat
00:24:37he is captured
00:24:38in 1898.
00:24:41We can see it
00:24:42in this photograph
00:24:43listen to the sentence
00:24:44who condemns him
00:24:45to exile
00:24:45on an island in Gabon
00:24:46where the conditions
00:24:48detention
00:24:49will they be such
00:24:50that he will die
00:24:51quickly
00:24:51of pneumonia.
00:25:03With the fall
00:25:04of Béanzin
00:25:05then from Samori Touré
00:25:06and soon
00:25:07that of Amadou
00:25:08the All-Color
00:25:08in Mali
00:25:09It's over
00:25:11at the turning
00:25:11of the 20th century
00:25:12African empires
00:25:13who resisted
00:25:14as long as they could
00:25:15before finally
00:25:17to be all swept away.
00:25:26In a few decades
00:25:28European powers
00:25:29succeeded
00:25:30their control
00:25:30on the African continent.
00:25:35Germany
00:25:36defends his possessions
00:25:36from Namibia to the south
00:25:37Rwanda
00:25:39and Tanzania
00:25:40to the east
00:25:41from Cameroon
00:25:43and Togo
00:25:44to the west.
00:25:45Portugal
00:25:47tries to preserve
00:25:48its colonies
00:25:49from Angola
00:25:49and Mozambique.
00:25:54The English, however,
00:25:55dream of doing
00:25:56the junction
00:25:56between Cairo to the north
00:25:57and the Cape
00:25:58all the way south
00:25:59thanks to their colonies
00:26:00from Kenya
00:26:01and Uganda.
00:26:05As for the French,
00:26:06they are finally
00:26:07managed to reunify
00:26:08around Lake Chad
00:26:09all their possessions
00:26:10African
00:26:11from Algeria
00:26:12to the north,
00:26:13the counters
00:26:14from Senegal
00:26:14to the west
00:26:15as far as Brasaville
00:26:16in equatorial Africa.
00:26:24The African domain
00:26:25of France
00:26:26has therefore become
00:26:27particularly vast.
00:26:30French military personnel
00:26:32are only
00:26:32a few thousand
00:26:33for more
00:26:3410 million inhabitants.
00:26:35they try
00:26:38to deploy
00:26:39on this territory
00:26:39as big as Europe
00:26:40building
00:26:42here and there
00:26:43small forts
00:26:43meant to mark
00:26:45French power
00:26:46from Dakar
00:26:47in Cotonou
00:26:48by the way
00:26:49by Bamako
00:26:50in Bidjan
00:26:50in Conakry.
00:27:00But often
00:27:00left to their own devices
00:27:01far from the cities
00:27:02in vast
00:27:03desert territories
00:27:04the officers
00:27:06infantry
00:27:07colonial
00:27:08must administer
00:27:09as they can
00:27:10entire tribes.
00:27:22That's the case.
00:27:22of the captain
00:27:23Émile Coquibus
00:27:24lost in the heart
00:27:25from Guinea
00:27:26and who left us
00:27:28an exceptional fund
00:27:29photographs
00:27:30taken during his stays
00:27:31in sub-Saharan Africa.
00:27:34The officers
00:27:38isolated
00:27:39regularly struck
00:27:40by fevers
00:27:41are often troubled
00:27:42by the conditions
00:27:43of their stay.
00:27:47They feel
00:27:48this anxiety
00:27:48typical of the colonial era
00:27:49and if these women
00:27:51and these men
00:27:52so many
00:27:53refused their authority.
00:27:59Coquibus
00:28:00in his diary
00:28:01expresses it
00:28:01repeatedly
00:28:02This morning
00:28:06the captain
00:28:07told me
00:28:07of his dream
00:28:08of the night
00:28:08he was so terrible
00:28:11that he woke up
00:28:12letting out a cry
00:28:13There were fatalities.
00:28:15and corpses
00:28:16thrilling.
00:28:19Black people
00:28:20dare not defend themselves
00:28:21nor complain
00:28:22But when?
00:28:25their revolution
00:28:25from 1789
00:28:26provided they don't turn
00:28:31not a day
00:28:31their anger
00:28:32against us.
00:28:32in Paris
00:28:58the good old days
00:29:00illuminates the 1900s
00:29:01and the French are interested
00:29:02very little
00:29:03to colonial conquests
00:29:04of the republic
00:29:04we want to believe
00:29:07in fact
00:29:07electricity
00:29:08to the revolution
00:29:09of the automobile
00:29:10and cinematography
00:29:11of this vast empire
00:29:19that France
00:29:19is in the process
00:29:20to shape
00:29:20the French
00:29:21they know nothing
00:29:22or almost
00:29:23the little
00:29:27that they know
00:29:28comes from cards
00:29:29exotic postcards
00:29:30sent by those
00:29:31who made the choice
00:29:32to go to the colonies
00:29:33as we used to say
00:29:34an exoticism
00:29:39Who's playing
00:29:40on French grandeur
00:29:41and above all
00:29:42on eroticism
00:29:43assumed
00:29:44women
00:29:44of the Empire
00:29:45women
00:29:49to beauty
00:29:49intoxicating
00:29:50necessarily subject
00:29:51an imaginary
00:29:59the objectified woman
00:30:00available
00:30:01of the colonizer
00:30:02who will be
00:30:03a powerful lever
00:30:04to attract
00:30:04new candidates
00:30:05at the start
00:30:06destination
00:30:08of this world
00:30:09for the time being
00:30:09basically
00:30:10military
00:30:10and masculine
00:30:11a colonial world
00:30:19who goes in 1905
00:30:20shock public opinion
00:30:21when stories
00:30:22bloody
00:30:23will arrive
00:30:23all the way to Paris
00:30:24several controversies
00:30:32burst
00:30:32after the appearance
00:30:33articles
00:30:34in the satirical press
00:30:35relating
00:30:36such and such massacre
00:30:37and in Paris
00:30:40we begin
00:30:41to worry
00:30:42of this alleged
00:30:42civilizing mission
00:30:44who can drive
00:30:45to the worst excesses
00:30:45from
00:30:46military personnel
00:30:46and officials
00:30:47French
00:30:47the scandal
00:30:52the most resounding
00:30:53comes from equatorial Africa
00:30:54when we discover
00:30:56administrators
00:30:57colonial
00:30:58in Central African Republic
00:30:59for fear of a revolt
00:31:00tribes
00:31:01exploded
00:31:02a man
00:31:03using dynamite
00:31:04simply
00:31:05make an example
00:31:06this matter
00:31:15is one too many
00:31:15the government
00:31:17is summoned
00:31:17to react
00:31:18it is imperative
00:31:20to send
00:31:21a mission
00:31:21inspection
00:31:22on site
00:31:22but it is still necessary
00:31:25find a man
00:31:26including the French
00:31:26will not be able to
00:31:27challenge the integrity
00:31:28it will be
00:31:32Pierre Savornian
00:31:33de Braza
00:31:34the hero
00:31:35from equatorial Africa
00:31:36who has been doing so since
00:31:37several years
00:31:38happiness
00:31:38advertisers
00:31:39and which is drawn
00:31:41of his retirement
00:31:41out of duty
00:31:42despite his notoriety
00:31:52in metropolitan France
00:31:53when Braza
00:31:54arrives in Libreville
00:31:55in 1905
00:31:56to start
00:31:57his inspection
00:31:58the reception
00:31:59The reception was icy
00:32:00because the government
00:32:05which lacks civil servants
00:32:06for its colonies
00:32:07preferred to delegate his mission
00:32:09to 40 private companies
00:32:10responsible for administering
00:32:12the Ubangi
00:32:12Gabon
00:32:13and the Congo
00:32:14in exchange for the commercial monopoly
00:32:16on local resources
00:32:18drink
00:32:18ivory
00:32:19rubber
00:32:20this colonial capitalism
00:32:25particularly voracious
00:32:26prefers to get rich
00:32:28as soon as possible
00:32:28rather than creating
00:32:29schools
00:32:30or clinics
00:32:31as they had pledged
00:32:33concession companies
00:32:38therefore do not wish at all
00:32:39that people come and take a closer look
00:32:40their actions
00:32:41Pierre Savornion de Brasa
00:32:50However, it does count
00:32:51to carry out its mission
00:32:52at its end
00:32:52and what he will discover
00:32:55is particularly appalling
00:32:57France has indeed
00:33:01established in the Empire
00:33:02a rule of several
00:33:03days per year
00:33:04compulsory work
00:33:05for all these topics
00:33:06in order to have a workforce
00:33:09to build roads
00:33:10and railway lines
00:33:12but the concession companies
00:33:16divert for their own benefit
00:33:17the system
00:33:18obliging men
00:33:19to work on their plantations
00:33:20worse
00:33:24so that men
00:33:25submit to this forced labor
00:33:27they took the sordid
00:33:28habit of sequestration
00:33:29women and children
00:33:30in a camp
00:33:31while waiting for their husband
00:33:33finish their chore
00:33:34and their conditions
00:33:41detention conditions are such
00:33:42that regularly
00:33:44the prisoners
00:33:44like children
00:33:45do not survive
00:33:46Brasa understands quickly
00:33:52that the actions
00:33:53companies
00:33:53are covered
00:33:54by the administration
00:33:55colonial
00:33:57desperate
00:33:59he writes to a friend
00:34:00I found it in the Ubangi-Shari
00:34:04an impossible situation
00:34:06it's a pure and simple continuation
00:34:09the destruction of populations
00:34:11tormented by what he discovered
00:34:22Pierre Savornion de Brasa
00:34:24resumes the journey to the metropolis
00:34:25gathering his notes
00:34:27in order to write a report
00:34:29which promises to be explosive
00:34:30but the conditions
00:34:34of his mission
00:34:34which lasted six months
00:34:35weakened him
00:34:36and on the way back
00:34:40He is experiencing severe tropical fevers.
00:34:43The boat must stop urgently.
00:34:48in Dakar, Senegal
00:34:49we transport his stretcher
00:34:54to the city hospital
00:34:55or exhausted
00:34:57Pierre Savornion de Brasa
00:34:59goes out
00:34:59September 14, 1905
00:35:02There will be some in the end
00:35:14a Brasa report
00:35:15drafted by a parliamentary committee
00:35:17from the notes
00:35:18of the explorer
00:35:19but the document
00:35:23will not be made public
00:35:25and will be sent to the archives
00:35:27by the head of government
00:35:28Georges Clemenceau
00:35:30who once in power
00:35:31no longer criticize at all
00:35:33the great French civilizing work
00:35:35despite its excesses
00:35:37with the death of Brasa
00:35:53it is a humanist ideal
00:35:55which seems to disappear
00:35:56both French society
00:35:58is becoming radicalized
00:36:00vis-à-vis colonized peoples
00:36:01and especially Africans
00:36:03if Jules Ferry sincerely defended
00:36:09the idea that all peoples
00:36:10could progress
00:36:11thanks to colonization
00:36:12this inequality of civilization
00:36:15gradually transformed
00:36:16in racial inequality
00:36:19theorized by some scientists
00:36:21who would like to demonstrate
00:36:22that white people
00:36:23are inherently superior
00:36:25black
00:36:34That's how things are in France.
00:36:35at the beginning of the 20th century
00:36:37which is a triumph
00:36:38at Foutit and Chocolate
00:36:39on the stage of the new circus
00:36:40in Paris
00:36:41as an allegory
00:36:43of the society of that time
00:36:44Chocolate
00:36:48his real name
00:36:49Raphaël Padilla
00:36:50and Georges Foutit
00:36:52play the roles
00:36:53which have become classics in the circus
00:36:54of the Auguste
00:36:55and the white clown
00:36:56the clumsiness of Auguste
00:37:01in the face of rigor
00:37:02the white clown
00:37:03but this time
00:37:07Chocolate and Foutit
00:37:08embody a visible inequality
00:37:10and staging
00:37:11to the greatest happiness
00:37:12of the Parisian public
00:37:13because the French
00:37:23are discovering
00:37:24otherness
00:37:25at colonial exhibitions
00:37:27who for the first time
00:37:28bring them to them
00:37:29these unknown peoples
00:37:30to skin color
00:37:31different
00:37:32in Lyon
00:37:35Nantes
00:37:36Toulouse
00:37:36or Marseille
00:37:37these exhibitions
00:37:38enjoy great success
00:37:40Hundreds of extras
00:37:47are recruited in Senegal
00:37:48to recreate African villages
00:37:50traditional
00:37:51as in these images
00:37:53filmed at the Jardin d'Acclimatation
00:37:54of Paris
00:37:55numbers
00:37:58of a folkloric character
00:37:59including the extras
00:38:00are paid
00:38:01But this distancing
00:38:06Africans
00:38:06considered as objects
00:38:08curiosity
00:38:09breathes life into society
00:38:11the idea of a hierarchy
00:38:12between men
00:38:12And these natives
00:38:17as they were called back then
00:38:18that one displays
00:38:19with their ancestral customs
00:38:21automatically become
00:38:23in the eyes of the public
00:38:23inferior to the French
00:38:25and to their civilization
00:38:56It's a veritable colonial mythology.
00:39:11that the government will forge
00:39:13gradually
00:39:13and spread throughout society
00:39:15especially in the school classroom
00:39:17Notebook covers
00:39:24distributed to children
00:39:25the heroes tell their story
00:39:27and the great moments
00:39:28of this French expansion
00:39:29so that they may absorb it
00:39:31of a story
00:39:31which must become theirs
00:39:32Children to whom it is described
00:39:40without sparing them
00:39:41no morbid details
00:39:42the last French conquest
00:39:44that of the island of Madagascar
00:39:46which caused more than 20,000 deaths
00:39:48among the Malagasy
00:39:49A deadly campaign
00:39:55led by General Gallieni
00:39:57that we present to children
00:39:59like a hero
00:40:00a hero confronted
00:40:02to the Queen of Madagascar
00:40:03Rana Valona
00:40:05who, for having dared
00:40:06to raise his people
00:40:07against France
00:40:08will be forced to abdicate
00:40:10and to go into exile
00:40:11leaving in 1897
00:40:15the French have their place free
00:40:17on the immense island
00:40:19of the Indian Ocean
00:40:19This empire
00:40:28which continues to grow
00:40:29and deploy
00:40:30its civilizing mission
00:40:31thus becomes at school
00:40:33the best support
00:40:34for geography lessons
00:40:36In addition to Madagascar
00:40:43which became a French colony
00:40:44directed from Tannarive
00:40:46the French Empire
00:40:48account now
00:40:49the Pacific islands
00:40:50and Oceania
00:40:51with Tahiti
00:40:52the Marquesas Islands
00:40:54and the prison island
00:40:56of New Caledonia
00:40:57all won over
00:40:58in the 19th century
00:40:59In Africa
00:41:05the Ministry of Colonies
00:41:07created two large areas
00:41:08administrative
00:41:09the AOF
00:41:11French West Africa
00:41:13directed from Dakar
00:41:15and the AEF
00:41:17French Equatorial Africa
00:41:19including the capital
00:41:20is Libreville
00:41:20Above all
00:41:26France created in Asia
00:41:28a federation of Indochina
00:41:30which groups together his possessions
00:41:32of Cambodia
00:41:32from Laos
00:41:33of Tonkin
00:41:34of Annam
00:41:35and Cochinchina
00:41:36a federation
00:41:39which will soon be nicknamed
00:41:40the pearl of the French colonies
00:41:42When Edgar Imbert
00:41:57embarks in Marseille
00:41:59in 1905
00:41:59with his wife
00:42:01Martha
00:42:01That's 30 days
00:42:03crossing
00:42:04who are waiting
00:42:04the young couple
00:42:05to join
00:42:06the peninsula
00:42:06Indo-Chinese
00:42:07Edgar Imbert
00:42:13photography enthusiast
00:42:14is lieutenant
00:42:15in the colonial infantry
00:42:17he must join
00:42:19his regiment
00:42:20in Hanoi
00:42:21in Tonkin
00:42:22the crossing
00:42:29the crossing
00:42:29is a succession
00:42:30exotic stages
00:42:31that dazzle
00:42:32those who are lucky
00:42:33to leave
00:42:33and first
00:42:35Port Said
00:42:36in the colony
00:42:37British of Egypt
00:42:39then comes the passage
00:42:42of the Suez Canal
00:42:43that French
00:42:45Ferdinand de Lesseps
00:42:46made them dig
00:42:47to connect the Mediterranean
00:42:48to the Red Sea
00:42:49in order to be able to join
00:42:51Asia faster
00:42:52then it will be
00:42:58Aden in Ethiopia
00:42:59Colombo in Sri Lanka
00:43:02and the incredible
00:43:03Singapore Island
00:43:04Gibraltar
00:43:07from the Far East
00:43:07like the British
00:43:09then call
00:43:09their Malaysian colony
00:43:11after several stopovers
00:43:15and weeks
00:43:16crossing
00:43:17the cruise ship finally arrives
00:43:18with a view of Saigon
00:43:19capital of Cochinchina
00:43:21in southern Indochina
00:43:23French
00:43:23in the city
00:43:32built almost entirely
00:43:33by the French
00:43:34to compete with Singapore
00:43:35Edgar Imbert is proud
00:43:37to attend the parade
00:43:38of his classmates
00:43:39of the colonial infantry
00:43:40a show of force
00:43:49which reminds us that the conquest
00:43:51of the peninsula
00:43:51has been here too
00:43:53particularly violent
00:43:54a conquest in several waves
00:44:01first in 1859
00:44:03under the pretext of defending
00:44:05Catholic missionaries
00:44:06in Cochinchina
00:44:07then in 1881
00:44:09at the initiative of Jules Ferry
00:44:11to fight against
00:44:12Chinese imperialism
00:44:13in Tonkin
00:44:14this Tonkin expedition
00:44:19had been of such barbarity
00:44:21that the articles
00:44:22in Le Figaro
00:44:23written by a young officer
00:44:24marine
00:44:25Pierre Lottie
00:44:26had caused a scandal at the time
00:44:27in Paris
00:44:28Pierre Lottie
00:44:31including adventure stories
00:44:32will later bring glory
00:44:34had transcribed honestly
00:44:36what his classmates
00:44:37Sailor
00:44:37had felt
00:44:38during the battle
00:44:39and the result
00:44:42for the Figaro reader
00:44:43had been chilling
00:44:46the last Anamites
00:44:50tumble down the walls
00:44:51absolutely terrified
00:44:53The French are shooting at them
00:44:56almost point-blank
00:44:57and slaughter them en masse
00:44:58those whose chests were ruptured
00:45:02were shouting in a deep way
00:45:04and horrible
00:45:04by vomiting their blood
00:45:06in the sand
00:45:06They were killing almost cheerfully
00:45:10already intoxicated by the shouts
00:45:12the smoke
00:45:12by the color of the blood
00:45:14and we rejoiced
00:45:16to see all these fires
00:45:18to see how fast everything was going
00:45:20well
00:45:20as the whole country was ablaze
00:45:22Marthe and Edgar Imbert
00:45:3425 years later
00:45:35are dazzled
00:45:36by the French colonial enterprise
00:45:37when they finally arrive
00:45:39in Hanoi
00:45:40capital of Indochina
00:45:41the young couple
00:45:46walks through these new neighborhoods
00:45:48that the French imagined
00:45:49next to the old town
00:45:51and where it now sits
00:45:53a brand new cathedral
00:45:54not far from Paul Baer Street
00:45:56and French opera
00:45:57built in miniature
00:45:59modeled after the Garnier Opera House
00:46:01Edgar and Martha
00:46:07are happy
00:46:07in this capital
00:46:08with a provincial feel
00:46:09who see the young couple
00:46:10moved into a beautiful house
00:46:12to the colonial decor
00:46:14so typical
00:46:15Martha is the first model
00:46:19of her husband
00:46:19photographed in their interior
00:46:21opulent
00:46:22and in his private life
00:46:23a life that could
00:46:33seem sweet
00:46:33and conducive to daydreaming
00:46:34if Edgar
00:46:36the colonial infantry officer
00:46:38had not rejoined his regiment
00:46:39composed of Indochinese riflemen
00:46:41recruited locally
00:46:42auxiliaries
00:46:46of the French army
00:46:47loaded like everywhere
00:46:48in the empire
00:46:49to maintain order
00:46:50and the order
00:46:56it's the struggle
00:46:57against those who are called
00:46:57SO
00:46:58the pirates
00:46:59the pirates
00:47:01These are all the opponents
00:47:03of the French presence
00:47:04which is thus called
00:47:05in order to discredit
00:47:06their operations
00:47:07against the power
00:47:09colonial
00:47:11this French occupation
00:47:15is particularly contested
00:47:17by a group
00:47:17around the intellectual
00:47:18Fan Boi Cho
00:47:19who is trying to bring forth
00:47:21a national sentiment
00:47:22Vietnamese
00:47:23aided by China
00:47:27and Japan
00:47:27he is plotting
00:47:29several conspiracies
00:47:29against France
00:47:30including the most famous
00:47:32takes place in 1908
00:47:33the project
00:47:37of these rebels
00:47:38was to poison
00:47:39the entire French garrison
00:47:40from Hanoi
00:47:41with the complicity
00:47:42of some
00:47:43Indochinese riflemen
00:47:44repression
00:47:47of France
00:47:48will be severe
00:47:49extreme
00:47:49contrary
00:47:50riflemen
00:47:51that we see here
00:47:52in Hanoi prison
00:47:53to wear the humiliating
00:47:55Wooden Kang
00:47:55traditional
00:47:56several of them
00:48:00will be sentenced
00:48:01to death
00:48:01and beheaded
00:48:02an execution
00:48:06sordid
00:48:06in public
00:48:07that one photographs
00:48:09to then make
00:48:09hostel maps
00:48:10which will be sent
00:48:11in metropolitan France
00:48:12fond memories
00:48:16of Indochina
00:48:16and rigor
00:48:18French
00:48:18facing his enemies
00:48:21Present now
00:48:35on all continents
00:48:36of the globe
00:48:36France
00:48:38However, there is none
00:48:38not finished yet
00:48:39with his ambition
00:48:40colonial
00:48:40excessive
00:48:41to the room
00:48:46members of parliament
00:48:46a colonial party
00:48:48formed
00:48:49recruiting within
00:48:50of all groups
00:48:50policies
00:48:51about a hundred
00:48:52of elected officials in favor
00:48:53by ideology
00:48:54or by interest
00:48:54to the French colonies
00:48:56this colonial party
00:49:00led by the deputy
00:49:01Doran
00:49:02Eugène Etienne
00:49:03has become
00:49:04in a few years
00:49:04unavoidable
00:49:05it was under his influence
00:49:10which was conducted
00:49:10the operation
00:49:11from Madagascar
00:49:12and it is this powerful lobby
00:49:14who is preparing
00:49:14once again
00:49:15to plunge the country
00:49:16in a long
00:49:17and bloody imperial war
00:49:18because there is still
00:49:25an African territory
00:49:26to conquer
00:49:27which could allow
00:49:28to France
00:49:29to control
00:49:29all of North Africa
00:49:31the Sultanate of Morocco
00:49:34will therefore become
00:49:35its new target
00:49:36the young sultan
00:49:46molded Abdelaziz
00:49:47safe
00:49:48high walls
00:49:48from his palace in Fez
00:49:49had nevertheless succeeded
00:49:51to preserve independence
00:49:52from his small country
00:49:53continuing the policy
00:49:55of his predecessors
00:49:56who traded
00:49:58for a long time
00:49:58with the Europeans
00:49:59Germans, French, Spanish
00:50:07and British
00:50:07were welcome
00:50:09in the port of Tangier
00:50:10and along the coast
00:50:11but in a tragedy
00:50:16in three acts
00:50:17including the actors
00:50:18will be the European powers
00:50:20Morocco will see
00:50:21his destiny escaped him
00:50:22the first act
00:50:29begins in 1904
00:50:30when France
00:50:31and Great Britain
00:50:32decide to sell off
00:50:33their colonial disputes
00:50:35and to form an alliance
00:50:36what has been called
00:50:39the cordial agreement
00:50:40includes several protocols
00:50:42one of which consists
00:50:43to exchange the right
00:50:44English
00:50:45to control Egypt
00:50:46against that of the French
00:50:47to control Morocco
00:50:49an agreement that exasperates
00:50:54the German Wilhelm II
00:50:55the Kaiser then
00:50:58a spectacular entrance
00:50:59in the streets of Tangier
00:51:00in 1905
00:51:01to support
00:51:02the Moroccan sultan
00:51:03facing French appetites
00:51:05the tension is such
00:51:08that one summons
00:51:09an international conference
00:51:11in Algeziras
00:51:11in 1906
00:51:13but the French
00:51:16and their allies
00:51:17manage to impose
00:51:17their sight to the Germans
00:51:18Moroccans
00:51:21powerless
00:51:22are then forced
00:51:23to give in to France
00:51:24and to Spain
00:51:25control of coastal cities
00:51:26of Tangier
00:51:27and Casablanca
00:51:28if the two powers
00:51:33do not have the right
00:51:34to intervene
00:51:34within the country
00:51:35they can now
00:51:37deploy their troops
00:51:38along the coast
00:51:39as they demanded
00:51:40but on the field
00:51:47Moroccans
00:51:48they will not let themselves be taken advantage of
00:51:49when in 1907
00:51:57the French cruiser
00:51:58of Galileo
00:51:5860 men land
00:51:59in the city of Casablanca
00:52:01the reaction
00:52:02Berber tribes
00:52:03is immediate
00:52:04several French soldiers
00:52:06are killed
00:52:07in retaliation
00:52:10the commander of the Galileo
00:52:12decides to bomb
00:52:13Casablanca
00:52:13thousands of Moroccans
00:52:17lose their lives
00:52:18the power of the sultan
00:52:22Moulet Abdelaziz
00:52:23will not resist
00:52:25to the shock wave
00:52:26He must abdicate
00:52:28under pressure
00:52:28of his brother
00:52:29who blames him
00:52:30of having sold off cheaply
00:52:31Moroccan sovereignty
00:52:32at the Algeziras conference
00:52:34the new sultan
00:52:37Moulet Abdelafid
00:52:38think of him
00:52:39to stand up
00:52:40to the French
00:52:41and to the Spanish
00:52:42That will not be the case.
00:52:46under pressure
00:52:53of the colonial party
00:52:53which grows
00:52:55to the annexation of Morocco
00:52:56and under the pretext
00:52:57always the same
00:52:58disorders
00:52:58at the Algerian border
00:52:59France multiplies
00:53:01military operations
00:53:03from 1908
00:53:04committing
00:53:05in a war
00:53:06colonial
00:53:06over 25 years
00:53:08probably
00:53:09the least known
00:53:09of its history
00:53:10these operations
00:53:15are supported
00:53:15by a large majority
00:53:17of members of parliament
00:53:17with the notable exception
00:53:19socialists
00:53:20their leader
00:53:22Jean Jaurès
00:53:23denounces
00:53:23repeatedly
00:53:24at the podium
00:53:25these interventions
00:53:26particularly violent
00:53:28Gentlemen
00:53:34as our intervention
00:53:37in Morocco
00:53:38is more extensive
00:53:39harder
00:53:40and more brutal
00:53:40I wonder
00:53:43with anxiety
00:53:43growing
00:53:44and sincere
00:53:45by what right?
00:53:46we carry the war
00:53:47and the fire
00:53:47at the very heart
00:53:48of this country
00:53:48in Morocco
00:53:52there is a people
00:53:54effervescent
00:53:54and independent
00:53:55who has more
00:53:56that we cannot imagine
00:53:57pride
00:53:58of its old history
00:53:59who remembers
00:54:00that he successively
00:54:01driven from its soil
00:54:02the Portuguese
00:54:03the Spanish
00:54:04the English
00:54:05this is not a people
00:54:08accustomed
00:54:09to suffer in silence
00:54:10a tyrannical domination
00:54:11but the denunciations
00:54:16of Jaurès
00:54:17will remain in vain
00:54:17and the French soldiers
00:54:20continue to leave
00:54:21in number
00:54:21towards Morocco
00:54:22then in a second act
00:54:28It's Germany
00:54:29who is making his moves
00:54:30Kaiser Wilhelm II
00:54:33understands that France
00:54:35does not intend to respect
00:54:36the Algeciras agreement
00:54:37and that a partition of Morocco
00:54:38has become inevitable
00:54:40he sends it out to sea
00:54:42from Agadir
00:54:43its cruisers
00:54:44the Panther
00:54:45and Berlin
00:54:46threatening to intervene
00:54:48militarily
00:54:48a blow from Agadir
00:54:53which allows Germany
00:54:55to demand compensation
00:54:56in return
00:54:57of his possible agreement
00:54:58on the division of the country
00:54:59and during the third act
00:55:05of this Moroccan tragedy
00:55:06in 1912
00:55:07this is once again
00:55:09a sharing
00:55:10territorial relations between Europeans
00:55:11who is finally decided
00:55:12France obtains
00:55:15a protectorate
00:55:16on Morocco
00:55:17as she wished
00:55:18in exchange
00:55:20she must give in
00:55:21to Germany
00:55:21French lands
00:55:22in equatorial Africa
00:55:23in order to enlarge
00:55:24the German colony
00:55:25from Cameroon
00:55:26Italy
00:55:29She
00:55:30is allowed
00:55:31to settle in Libya
00:55:32as for Spain
00:55:34she will keep
00:55:35control of the north
00:55:36from Morocco
00:55:36around Seuta
00:55:37as well as to the south
00:55:39in the province
00:55:39of Western Sahara
00:55:41called Rio de Oro
00:55:43as she does
00:55:49for all his conquests
00:55:49colonial
00:55:50He is a soldier
00:55:51that France chooses
00:55:52to lead his new
00:55:54protectorate of Morocco
00:55:55When he parades on horseback
00:56:01in the streets of Casablanca
00:56:02General Hubert Lyotet
00:56:04behind him
00:56:05a long career
00:56:06colonial officer
00:56:06passed through Madagascar
00:56:09then through Indochina
00:56:10after the violent campaigns
00:56:14of a Bugeau
00:56:15or a Gallieni
00:56:16the time has come
00:56:17of a visionary
00:56:18of the Empire
00:56:18obsessed with the mission
00:56:20civilizing
00:56:21of France
00:56:22but Lyotet
00:56:26will have to hand
00:56:27see you
00:56:27the ambitious plan
00:56:28that he has in mind
00:56:29for the kingdom
00:56:30because he has to face
00:56:33to an uprising
00:56:34generalized
00:56:34Moroccan tribes
00:56:35who do not accept
00:56:36the French protectorate
00:56:38SO
00:56:41to try
00:56:42to circumscribe
00:56:42the rebellion
00:56:43the general summoned
00:56:44of major cities
00:56:45and sub-Saharan Africa
00:56:46thousands
00:56:47additional soldiers
00:56:48and the French army
00:56:52to sink
00:56:53heading south
00:56:54and to settle down
00:56:55in camps
00:56:56as far as the eye can see
00:56:57they are 50,000 soldiers
00:57:00from 1912
00:57:01and there will be 70,000 of them
00:57:03in 1913
00:57:04Lyotet wants to obtain
00:57:10the surrender
00:57:11tribal chiefs
00:57:12by all means
00:57:13but France
00:57:16won't have time
00:57:17determine
00:57:18his Moroccan campaign
00:57:19General Lyotet
00:57:22must abruptly
00:57:23interrupt
00:57:23its operations
00:57:24in the summer of 1914
00:57:25when the opposition
00:57:27between German
00:57:28William II
00:57:28and Russian
00:57:29Nicholas II
00:57:29leads
00:57:30the entire European continent
00:57:32in the war
00:57:33to overcome
00:57:48the evidence
00:57:49who oppose him
00:57:49to Germany
00:57:50France
00:57:51will have to mobilize
00:57:52more than 6 million men
00:57:53but she can now
00:57:55rely on its colonies
00:57:56conquered since 1830
00:57:58more than 600,000 soldiers
00:58:04and 200,000 workers
00:58:05will thus come
00:58:07from beyond the oceans
00:58:08on the beaches of the Somme
00:58:15as on the roads
00:58:16Champagne
00:58:17will surge
00:58:18the impressive cavalry
00:58:19Algerian spahis
00:58:20the Senegalese riflemen
00:58:24the riflemen who came from Algeria
00:58:28and Morocco
00:58:29those who arrived
00:58:32from the island of Madagascar
00:58:33those who came
00:58:36from distant Indochina
00:58:37like the soldiers
00:58:41Kanak and Papuan
00:58:41landed
00:58:42islands
00:58:43of the Pacific Ocean
00:58:44for the first time
00:58:48the French
00:58:49actually measure
00:58:49the importance
00:58:50of their colonial empire
00:58:51which will allow
00:58:52in the country
00:58:53to possess
00:58:53throughout
00:58:54of the 4 years
00:58:54of this first
00:58:55World War
00:58:56devastating
00:58:56a war
00:59:00Ultimately
00:59:00won
00:59:01by France
00:59:02and its allies
00:59:02during which
00:59:041,400,000 French
00:59:05will lose their lives
00:59:06including several dozen
00:59:08thousands
00:59:08riflemen
00:59:09and when the soldiers
00:59:18colonies
00:59:19march down the Champs-Elysées
00:59:20to celebrate the victory
00:59:21France
00:59:23rising from its ashes
00:59:25counts more than ever
00:59:26strengthen his empire
00:59:27but this empire
00:59:34all-powerful
00:59:34who is preparing
00:59:36to experience its peak
00:59:37is a colossus
00:59:38with feet of clay
00:59:39and France
00:59:42if she wishes
00:59:43preserve it
00:59:44will have to lead there
00:59:45profound reforms
00:59:47what it will turn out to be
00:59:49unable to succeed
00:59:51to France
00:59:54of France
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