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Après huit années de conflits meurtriers, l’Empire colonial français craque de toutes parts. La défaite de Diên Biên Phu oblige la France à abandonner l’Indochine, puis ses comptoirs indiens. Pour tous les peuples colonisés, c’est une étincelle : la France, aussi puissante qu’elle soit, peut être vaincue. La Guerre d’Algérie éclate aussitôt. De l’Afrique aux Antilles en passant par l’océan Indien et la Polynésie, l’incendie se propage mais à rebours du vent de l’histoire, la République répond par la force quand elle n’use pas de la ruse pour tenter de préserver ses possessions.
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00:00:02France was one of the world's leading colonial powers.
00:00:12But since the Second World War, his empire has been falling apart.
00:00:22In May 1954, after the defeat at Dien Bien Phu, France lost a jewel of its empire, Indochina.
00:00:30Then its trading posts in India.
00:00:37The empire is fracturing on all sides.
00:00:59Six months after the defeat in Indochina, on November 1, 1954, in Algeria, All Saints' Day was blood red.
00:01:07The National Liberation Front, the FLN, unleashes a wave of anti-French attacks.
00:01:14A war that will never be named has just broken out.
00:01:18My brother, who is younger than me, arrives at 10 o'clock with the newspapers and he was breaking down the door.
00:01:29We were wondering what had happened and he came back shouting.
00:01:35They blew it up.
00:01:37For us, who were far removed from these movements, well, my brother and I were certain that it was
00:01:48the beginning of our national liberation war.
00:01:53It was truly the big day. It was the big day.
00:01:56I felt a pride within me, a rediscovered pride.
00:02:02I thought to myself, finally, the courageous people have decided to start this war we've been waiting for.
00:02:12In Paris, as in Algiers, these attacks came as a complete surprise.
00:02:18When the Red All Saints' Day erupted, my grandparents were obviously far from imagining that it would be the beginning
00:02:24of a war that would last 8 years.
00:02:26The FLN, regarding the question of independence, is something they are completely unaware of at this time.
00:02:32-there.
00:02:34From the outset, the government is showing its resolve.
00:02:38François Mitterrand, the Minister of the Interior, is going to Algeria.
00:02:44We will punish relentlessly, with no other concern than that of justice.
00:02:50And in this circumstance, justice demands rigor and responsibility.
00:02:56Algeria is France, and France will not recognize it as part of its territory.
00:03:00other authorities than his own.
00:03:04In 15 days, the army's personnel doubled.
00:03:08The sweeps begin.
00:03:11At the time, Algeria's belonging to France was self-evident.
00:03:16It is even divided into departments.
00:03:19No rebellion can be tolerated.
00:03:24At no point was I aware that this was a struggle for independence.
00:03:29We were conditioned in a French Algeria that we were not to question.
00:03:38It was those rebels, those bandits, those throat-cutters
00:03:42who threatened, who endangered such a beautiful France.
00:03:48In all good faith, I was told, the Seine flows through Paris like the Mediterranean Sea flows through France.
00:03:58My grandparents, like the vast majority of French people in Algeria,
00:04:03wanted Algeria to remain French at all costs.
00:04:06For them, French Algeria was something that was non-negotiable.
00:04:10It was a natural fact, but there was no question of changing it.
00:04:20Power is deaf, but it is not blind.
00:04:23After the Indochina disaster, it is clear that force alone will not be enough to restore order.
00:04:29Reforms are necessary.
00:04:34Appointed governor in January 1955, the Liberal Jacques Soustel was convinced
00:04:40that by fighting against poverty, the rebellion will die out.
00:04:46Special Air Service (SAS) units are deployed throughout Algeria.
00:04:50even in the most remote villages.
00:04:53Soldiers are being transformed into teachers or doctors.
00:04:57The pacification begins.
00:05:00Propaganda too.
00:05:08But who would have told the officer who graduated from Saint-Cyr and completed military training courses
00:05:11that his mission would lead him to apply ointment to the bottoms of newborns?
00:05:15We might be tempted to smile, but the emotion is stronger.
00:05:18because we understand that here, in this remote village,
00:05:22Caring is a necessity.
00:05:31I know that Dad often used to say that in his village,
00:05:34in the Soummame valley, up there in Kabilu,
00:05:37that there was a French army that came regularly
00:05:39to try to get the children into school,
00:05:41to ensure that, to show their presence.
00:05:44When the French army comes to retrieve children,
00:05:46My aunt said, "The army, they took my son."
00:05:49No, they didn't take your son, only to take him to school.
00:05:53The pacification was a smokescreen.
00:05:57But the Algerians were not fooled.
00:06:00So they knew what they had done throughout the colonization
00:06:05was contrary to these small efforts at humanization.
00:06:18The FLN fighters remain unmoved by these belated reforms.
00:06:23They have only one goal: independence.
00:06:27Attacks are followed by attacks.
00:06:33On August 20, 1955, in Philippeville, in the Constantine region,
00:06:38National Liberation Army massacre with knives
00:06:40123 pro-French European and Arab civilians.
00:06:47Children are not spared.
00:06:50The Governor of Algeria, Jacques Soustel,
00:06:53he personally goes to the bedside of the wounded.
00:06:56The time for reforms is receding.
00:06:59Time for total repression.
00:07:04Two days after the Philippeville massacre,
00:07:07The army is firing at point-blank range on so-called rebels.
00:07:27These images have shocked the entire world.
00:07:33Two months later, France took its seat at the UN.
00:07:36puts him in the dock.
00:07:39Antoine Pinet, the Minister of Foreign Affairs,
00:07:42sticks to its position.
00:07:44France cannot tolerate insults or slander.
00:07:47against his civilizing work.
00:07:49This plea will change nothing.
00:07:52The United Nations condemns France.
00:07:55His delegation immediately left the room.
00:08:01In the eyes of the world, the land of human rights
00:08:03has become a country that fights against freedom.
00:08:08On the ground, this conviction does not change French policy in any way.
00:08:15Soon, the government will vote on special powers
00:08:17which authorize the repression of the FLN by all means.
00:08:22In addition to professional soldiers, there is a growing number of conscripts.
00:08:27They are barely 20 years old.
00:08:30For the French army, the time for revenge has come.
00:08:34After the abandonment of Indochina, this war must not be lost.
00:08:43But the FLN resists.
00:08:45More and more fighters are joining its ranks.
00:08:50When I was marked out, it was to die.
00:08:52To return to the colonial system.
00:08:55Me, the day I tore up my identity card,
00:08:57I have become a free man.
00:09:00And I left to die.
00:09:04When I said goodbye to the family,
00:09:05My grandfather followed me outside the house to tell me
00:09:10“Judy, you’re going to the resistance.”
00:09:15You don't want to be led to the village on a rope
00:09:18by the French soldiers, like a sheep, like a lamb.
00:09:22Die, a man.
00:09:25It never occurred to me
00:09:27to raise arms
00:09:31in the dangers.
00:09:32Never.
00:09:33I always had a cartridge in my pocket
00:09:34for me, which was destined for me.
00:09:37A cartridge in my pocket.
00:09:57After the UN, France will suffer a second humiliation.
00:10:01In Indonesia this time.
00:10:02In April 1955, in Bandung,
00:10:06Indonesian Soekarno,
00:10:07the Indian Nehru
00:10:08and the Egyptian Nasser
00:10:10bringing together 29 states,
00:10:12of which more than half
00:10:13has just freed itself from Western colonial control.
00:10:39Colonial empires are designated
00:10:42like the powers to be overthrown,
00:10:43starting with France.
00:10:46On the clock of History,
00:10:48The days of the old order are numbered.
00:10:57Isolated on the international stage,
00:10:59weakened by the events in the Maghreb
00:11:01and the pressure in sub-Saharan Africa,
00:11:03France cannot fight on several fronts.
00:11:06She needs to set priorities.
00:11:08And the priority is Algeria.
00:11:11even if it means giving up some of the East elsewhere,
00:11:13in Morocco and Tunisia, for example.
00:11:19As a result,
00:11:20Paris accepts the return of the Tunisian leader.
00:11:22Habib Bourguiba,
00:11:24who for the past two years,
00:11:25had been placed under house arrest.
00:11:30June 1, 1955,
00:11:32the supreme fighter
00:11:34He returns home in triumph.
00:11:37Negotiations are underway.
00:11:40They led to the emancipation of Tunisia,
00:11:42in March 1956.
00:11:48In Tunisia,
00:11:48the return of Bourguiba
00:11:50bringing back with him the promise of independence from his country,
00:11:52It was that of a triumphant man.
00:11:54After Dupé's arrest,
00:11:55The popular acclaim acclaimed the leader of Neo-Destou.
00:11:59Tunisia is now master of its own destiny.
00:12:06In Morocco,
00:12:07Paris is also accelerating its pace.
00:12:11Despite the attacks,
00:12:12The French authorities are committed to negotiating.
00:12:20They accept the sultan's return.
00:12:22who is returning to Rabat
00:12:23after two and a half years of exile.
00:12:29Everyone was happy.
00:12:31I remember that upon the return of Mohammed V,
00:12:34people wanted to go to the airport
00:12:36to see the plane land.
00:12:41From all sides,
00:12:42The people shouted their joy.
00:12:44testifying in a frenzy of shouting and cheers
00:12:46their affection and loyalty to the sovereign.
00:12:57Everyone was happy.
00:12:58Everyone had gone to Rabat.
00:13:01We couldn't find anything to eat anymore.
00:13:03Not even a chickpea.
00:13:05For three days,
00:13:06We couldn't find anywhere to sleep.
00:13:08People who did not live in Rabat
00:13:10they even slept in the street
00:13:12until the end of the party.
00:13:15On March 2, 1956,
00:13:18Morocco finally achieves independence.
00:13:25It was fantastic.
00:13:27like a rebirth.
00:13:29We had the impression
00:13:30to drink whey.
00:13:36I was young,
00:13:37So I can testify
00:13:38from what I saw around me,
00:13:39in my family.
00:13:40Of course,
00:13:41there was this joy
00:13:42to have been able to acquire
00:13:43this independence
00:13:44other struggles,
00:13:46to also be able to say
00:13:48that we will govern ourselves,
00:13:49that we will be masters of our own destiny,
00:13:51but also with questions.
00:13:54This independence
00:13:55is not an achievement,
00:13:56This is not a complete breakdown.
00:13:57This is just the beginning.
00:14:01France loses two jewels
00:14:03of his empire,
00:14:05between indifference and nostalgia.
00:14:09We who were young,
00:14:11we disliked it
00:14:12to see that the French Empire
00:14:14it was falling apart.
00:14:15France was losing a little bit
00:14:17of its importance in the world.
00:14:19Although we weren't affected
00:14:20personally,
00:14:20But it's like a football club,
00:14:23the fans,
00:14:23We were supporters of France.
00:14:25It's like dominoes.
00:14:27It was a normal progression.
00:14:29There was no reason
00:14:31that France escapes
00:14:32to this turn of events
00:14:35where the colonized countries
00:14:36become independent
00:14:38and live as they please.
00:14:43In North Africa,
00:14:45France had to give up
00:14:46Tunisia and Morocco
00:14:47to save Algeria.
00:14:49But in sub-Saharan Africa,
00:14:51She is not ready to give in.
00:14:55But Africa in the 1950s had changed.
00:14:57The 1930s are long gone.
00:15:00New elites
00:15:00and a middle class emerged.
00:15:03This generation
00:15:04now requires
00:15:05to be associated
00:15:06to managing one's own destiny.
00:15:09Paris is worried.
00:15:11Africa must not tip
00:15:13in communism
00:15:14nor catch fire
00:15:15in wars of independence.
00:15:19Reforms are coming one after another.
00:15:22In June 1956,
00:15:24the new Minister for Overseas Territories,
00:15:26the socialist Gaston Defer,
00:15:28passed a framework law
00:15:29which is undergoing a profound reorganization
00:15:31African territories
00:15:32and Malagasy.
00:15:35She institutes
00:15:36direct universal suffrage.
00:15:39Officially,
00:15:39Every citizen's voice counts.
00:15:42regardless of skin color.
00:15:44But in reality,
00:15:45The elections remain under control.
00:15:53Under the watchful eye of the cameras,
00:15:55Gaston Defer
00:15:56wrecked reform
00:15:57in front of students
00:15:58in political science.
00:16:00So, this law also provided for
00:16:02the institution of universal suffrage
00:16:04and of the single college.
00:16:05It was a demand
00:16:06which was dear to his heart
00:16:08all the inhabitants
00:16:08overseas territories.
00:16:10Yes, but that must pose a problem.
00:16:11a number of problems
00:16:12because there are quantities
00:16:15of people who are not evolved.
00:16:16This poses undeniable problems,
00:16:18but the populations
00:16:20the least developed
00:16:21are very interested,
00:16:23in truth,
00:16:23due to the political situation
00:16:25and that even people
00:16:26who can neither read
00:16:27nor write
00:16:28know the candidates.
00:16:29know the parties
00:16:30And it will choose perfectly.
00:16:35But this opening
00:16:37conceals the main objective
00:16:39from France,
00:16:40neutralize the influence
00:16:41independence movements.
00:16:44The method,
00:16:45place everywhere
00:16:46political leaders
00:16:48who will remain loyal
00:16:49to the motherland.
00:16:53In Cameroon,
00:16:54the colonial authorities
00:16:56thus opt
00:16:56for Amadou Haïdjo,
00:16:58a former postman
00:16:5933 years old
00:17:00in the pay of Paris.
00:17:04His main opponent
00:17:05is Ruben Oumniobé,
00:17:07leader of the UPC,
00:17:09an independence party.
00:17:11Oumniobé
00:17:12understood perfectly
00:17:13the trap
00:17:14of this pseudo-democratization.
00:17:16He demands,
00:17:17him,
00:17:18true independence
00:17:19for his country
00:17:20up to the United Nations.
00:17:25The IPC asked
00:17:26to intervene
00:17:27on three questions.
00:17:28Immediate reunification
00:17:30from Cameroon,
00:17:32the constitution
00:17:33of a government council
00:17:34and an assembly
00:17:35with legislative powers,
00:17:37and finally,
00:17:39the fixing
00:17:40of a delay
00:17:40for the right
00:17:41of independence
00:17:42to the people of Cameroon.
00:17:44Oumn was incorruptible.
00:17:47An African
00:17:48who cannot be corrupted
00:17:49is very dangerous
00:17:51for the system
00:17:53French neocolonial.
00:17:57Close to the Communist Party,
00:17:59the UPC represents
00:18:00everything that France addresses.
00:18:02A sort of African Vietnamese
00:18:04that must be destroyed.
00:18:07The High Commissioner to Cameroon,
00:18:09Pierre Messmer,
00:18:11excluded from negotiating
00:18:11with the Reds.
00:18:14A veteran of the Free French Forces,
00:18:15this adventurer
00:18:16fought in Indochina.
00:18:18Traumatized by the defeat,
00:18:20He has only one goal,
00:18:21destroy the UPC
00:18:22and neutralize its leader.
00:18:25Ruben Oumniobé
00:18:26becomes the man to be taken down.
00:18:29With the help
00:18:30Cameroonian forces,
00:18:31a merciless hunt
00:18:33to the man commits.
00:18:36My grandfather,
00:18:37when he talks to me about it,
00:18:38he simply tells me everything
00:18:39like the village
00:18:40of my mother
00:18:42is a neighboring village
00:18:43from that of Oumniobé.
00:18:45And so,
00:18:45adults were being tortured
00:18:46who could
00:18:48either way,
00:18:49to know where they were hiding.
00:18:51And that's how it is.
00:18:51that my grandfather,
00:18:52to avoid
00:18:53to be tortured,
00:18:54he had decided
00:18:55to leave with his children
00:18:56in the forest
00:18:56the time that this war
00:18:58ends.
00:19:05To clean up the area,
00:19:07French troops
00:19:08apply the methods
00:19:09counter-guerrilla
00:19:09conceived in Madagascar,
00:19:11refined in Indochina
00:19:13and used at the same time
00:19:14in Algeria.
00:19:17Villages are wiped out
00:19:18with napalm.
00:19:24A cruel war
00:19:26including the French
00:19:26of metropolitan France
00:19:27They know nothing.
00:19:39Oumniobé describes the situation.
00:19:42Entire villages
00:19:44are completely looted
00:19:45and burned.
00:19:46The livestock is systematically
00:19:47shot dead.
00:19:49Those who escape
00:19:50to this mass killing
00:19:51are being prosecuted
00:19:52in the middle of the bush
00:19:53by law enforcement.
00:19:59After months of terror,
00:20:00the UPC resistance fighters
00:20:02are annihilated.
00:20:05Spotted
00:20:06Ruben Oumniobé
00:20:07is shot down.
00:20:12My grandfather told me
00:20:14that when Oumniobé is killed,
00:20:15His body is being dragged away
00:20:16over the kilometers
00:20:18to disfigure him.
00:20:20It was raining that Saturday.
00:20:22And so,
00:20:23They dragged him through the mud,
00:20:25his disfigured face,
00:20:27swollen,
00:20:29it's barely
00:20:30if he is dressed.
00:20:31It is necessary to show that
00:20:32this man,
00:20:34He was defeated.
00:20:37I think we wanted
00:20:39really demonstrate
00:20:40to those who would have
00:20:42the idea of rebelling,
00:20:44how is it
00:20:45that they were going to finish.
00:20:46To say that it's that man
00:20:47who harangued the crowds,
00:20:48who was an incredible orator,
00:20:49endowed with incredible intelligence,
00:20:51It could have ended like that.
00:20:52completely disfigured.
00:20:53It was a way
00:20:54really to be able
00:20:54bring people
00:20:55to abandon the fight
00:20:56since it was necessary
00:20:57completely traumatized
00:20:58those who could
00:20:59still believe in him.
00:21:39The enemy is dead
00:21:40and France's protégé,
00:21:42Amadou Haïdjo,
00:21:43can spread
00:21:44on the airwaves.
00:21:46The disorders
00:21:47which have shaken
00:21:49certain regions of Cameroon
00:21:50They have almost all died out.
00:21:56We did,
00:21:58in collaboration
00:21:59with the representatives
00:22:00from France to Cameroon,
00:22:02everything that was
00:22:02to our power
00:22:04so that calm may return.
00:22:07We are happy
00:22:08to note
00:22:09that our efforts
00:22:10were crowned
00:22:12of success.
00:22:17Amadou Haïdjo
00:22:17will take power
00:22:18and will install
00:22:20a dictatorship
00:22:20supported by the French.
00:22:26The repression
00:22:27against the UPC
00:22:28in Cameroon
00:22:29will last for years.
00:22:31With the help of Paris,
00:22:33she will
00:22:33hundreds
00:22:34thousands
00:22:34of victims.
00:22:37Deaths
00:22:37away from the cameras,
00:22:39dead
00:22:40silent.
00:22:42He is the winner
00:22:43who writes history.
00:22:49When I grew up
00:22:50in Cameroon,
00:22:51it was forbidden
00:22:53to talk about Oum
00:22:54and the UPC.
00:22:57I was a witness,
00:22:59young man,
00:23:00people
00:23:00who were talking about Oum
00:23:02and who
00:23:05were trying to see
00:23:06who was next to them.
00:23:08And so,
00:23:09silence
00:23:10lead
00:23:12weighed
00:23:13about the country.
00:23:15We tried
00:23:16to do
00:23:17as if
00:23:17Oum
00:23:17had never existed.
00:23:24It's like
00:23:25if there were
00:23:26amnesia
00:23:27of this story.
00:23:28In any case,
00:23:29it really is
00:23:30to do a job
00:23:31archaeological
00:23:32to dig up
00:23:34even within
00:23:35families
00:23:38what has been
00:23:39the magnitude
00:23:39of what has been
00:23:40and what happened.
00:23:42In the courtyards
00:23:44of history
00:23:44that we had
00:23:45at middle school,
00:23:46Cameroon
00:23:46was taken
00:23:47for example
00:23:48of decolonization
00:23:50peaceful.
00:23:52That's incredible
00:23:53how much
00:23:53the facts
00:23:54and history
00:23:56can be
00:23:56falsified
00:23:59and in a way
00:24:00institutional.
00:24:05the metropolis
00:24:06loses interest
00:24:07of his battles
00:24:07distant.
00:24:09The French
00:24:09then
00:24:10many other problems.
00:24:12A decade
00:24:12after the end
00:24:13of the war,
00:24:14the daily
00:24:14remains difficult
00:24:15in a France
00:24:16still needs to be rebuilt.
00:24:20Gold,
00:24:20modernization
00:24:21of the country
00:24:21is expensive.
00:24:22She invites
00:24:23to be contested
00:24:24the considerable sums
00:24:25that the Empire
00:24:26swallowed.
00:24:30The editor
00:24:31chief
00:24:32from Paris Match,
00:24:32Raymond Cartier,
00:24:34carries this protest.
00:24:35He writes
00:24:36"The country
00:24:38the richest
00:24:39and the most stable
00:24:39from Europe,
00:24:40Switzerland,
00:24:41never had
00:24:42one square meter
00:24:42overseas.
00:24:44Didn't he have something better?
00:24:45value build
00:24:45in Nevers
00:24:46The hospital in Lomé?
00:24:50The idea
00:24:50that France
00:24:51has no interest
00:24:51to sacrifice themselves
00:24:52for populations
00:24:53who do not aspire
00:24:54than to chase her away
00:24:54it seeps into people's minds.
00:24:58" I think
00:24:59that we pay
00:25:00too many taxes
00:25:01and that we could
00:25:02to do some help
00:25:04in the underdeveloped country
00:25:05but within limits
00:25:06reasonable.
00:25:07" Well,
00:25:07Me,
00:25:08I think that
00:25:08for happiness
00:25:09of the future,
00:25:09we need to cooperate
00:25:10and help everyone
00:25:11"Underdeveloped."
00:25:12"In any case,
00:25:12in Gaul,
00:25:13the Gauls,
00:25:14at the beginning of our era,
00:25:16they did everything
00:25:17with their own hands
00:25:18then they only have to
00:25:18do the same thing.
00:25:19Help them by sending them
00:25:20boxes of milk
00:25:22concentrated,
00:25:22These are words of encouragement.
00:25:23"to be published."
00:25:26But these doubts
00:25:27do not begin
00:25:28a certainty
00:25:29who animates
00:25:30a majority
00:25:30of French.
00:25:31France
00:25:32must retain
00:25:33Algeria.
00:25:36The military sweep
00:25:37has been
00:25:38of an efficiency
00:25:38formidable.
00:25:40In the summer
00:25:401956,
00:25:42everywhere,
00:25:42the FLN forces
00:25:43are losing ground.
00:25:46To resume
00:25:47the initiative,
00:25:48the Algerians
00:25:48change strategy.
00:25:52they carry the war
00:25:53at the very heart
00:25:53from Algeria.
00:25:55In September 1956,
00:25:58an attack
00:25:59will traumatize
00:26:00the French
00:26:00from Algeria.
00:26:04That day,
00:26:06we prepared it
00:26:07for a very long time.
00:26:10There was
00:26:10this symbol
00:26:11milk bar
00:26:12which was built
00:26:14after the Second World War
00:26:15world
00:26:16on style
00:26:18a bit American.
00:26:19It was
00:26:20the renewal,
00:26:21freedom restored,
00:26:23etc.,
00:26:24which we were deprived of.
00:26:26I wanted to
00:26:26that it be there.
00:26:28The choice
00:26:29was my choice.
00:26:30The milk bar,
00:26:30it was the great
00:26:31Algiers glacier
00:26:32who was in
00:26:33the main street.
00:26:34This was the place
00:26:35the most popular
00:26:36where we used to go as a family
00:26:37eat an ice cream.
00:26:38My grandmother
00:26:39took me
00:26:40eat the last ice cream
00:26:41holidays
00:26:41before the start of the school year.
00:26:44I started
00:26:45dressed for dinner.
00:26:46with a large bag
00:26:48beach.
00:26:49I sat down
00:26:50where I had decided
00:26:51to do it before
00:26:52with a watch
00:26:55settled
00:26:56on the watch
00:26:57from Labon.
00:27:00And I waited
00:27:02to the extreme
00:27:04last minute
00:27:05And I went out.
00:27:22I was thrown
00:27:23very far
00:27:24and I lost
00:27:25my left leg
00:27:26at that time.
00:27:30I have the impression
00:27:31to remember
00:27:31just being here
00:27:33in the middle of nowhere
00:27:34and to shout
00:27:35love me
00:27:36and to be sure
00:27:37that she couldn't hear me
00:27:38and that no sound
00:27:40nothing came out of my mouth.
00:27:41 understood
00:27:41well after
00:27:42that probably
00:27:43I had been deafened
00:27:44by the explosion
00:27:45and that I
00:27:45I had to scream
00:27:46like a crazy
00:27:47but me
00:27:47I couldn't hear myself.
00:27:48I heard
00:27:50the explosion
00:27:50with broken glass
00:27:52and there
00:27:53I have a little
00:27:53lost my grip on reality
00:27:56and I had to
00:27:57sit down
00:27:57at the same
00:27:59the sidewalk
00:27:59of which I was
00:28:00very close
00:28:04and I heard
00:28:05voices
00:28:06who shouted
00:28:06It's the raccoons
00:28:08melons
00:28:10we're going to kill them
00:28:11so at that moment
00:28:13I told myself
00:28:13well
00:28:14we are right
00:28:21never the most French
00:28:22Algerian cities
00:28:23had not known
00:28:24such an outburst
00:28:25violence
00:28:26we count
00:28:27several dead
00:28:28and dozens
00:28:29of the injured
00:28:30including children
00:28:35the attacks
00:28:36who are committed
00:28:37in Algiers
00:28:38Yes, they are victims.
00:28:39innocent
00:28:40It's true
00:28:40but
00:28:41It's minimal
00:28:43compared with
00:28:44to the big
00:28:45bombings
00:28:46what was he doing
00:28:46the colonial army
00:28:48using aviation
00:28:49and artillery
00:28:51Napalm
00:28:51the villages
00:28:52were destroyed
00:28:53in Napalm
00:28:54it was a cycle
00:28:56infernal
00:28:57each one trying
00:28:59to take revenge
00:28:59on the other
00:29:00There
00:29:00by all means
00:29:05reprisals
00:29:06are up to standard
00:29:07shock
00:29:09in January 1957
00:29:11martial law
00:29:12is proclaimed
00:29:14the paratroopers
00:29:15receive the order
00:29:17to clean
00:29:17the Arab city
00:29:18the casbah
00:29:24the leaders of the FLN
00:29:25some fall
00:29:26after the others
00:29:27at the price of blood
00:29:29because the paratroopers
00:29:30do not hesitate
00:29:32they torture
00:29:39men
00:29:39that had been entrusted to me
00:29:40adorned a woman
00:29:41and this woman
00:29:43I dropped it off
00:29:44has
00:29:44There
00:29:45at the Battalion Command Post
00:29:49and in the evening
00:29:50we were coming back
00:29:51we were in the area
00:29:52I stopped
00:29:56to see what
00:29:58and then I saw
00:30:01I saw something horrible
00:30:03this woman was naked
00:30:04on the cement
00:30:06and this second lieutenant
00:30:09he was in the process
00:30:09to persist
00:30:10on her
00:30:11jumped two feet
00:30:12and the seal on them
00:30:14It was coming out everywhere
00:30:15the pores of the skin
00:30:16excrement
00:30:16It was coming out everywhere
00:30:20I moved closer
00:30:23and I crossed
00:30:24the look of this woman
00:30:27but I saw in that look
00:30:29I have never been
00:30:30equally hated
00:30:31by a human being
00:30:33I was arrested
00:30:35I was the one who had it
00:30:36a me dela
00:30:38the army knew how to do it
00:30:39hatred
00:30:41with hatred
00:30:57my grandfather
00:30:58there was in a village
00:30:59which is called
00:30:59Benny Mauch
00:31:00in Kabini
00:31:01and one day
00:31:02the French army arrives
00:31:04encircles the village
00:31:05So, same here.
00:31:07he takes the men
00:31:07etc
00:31:09and ask my grandfather
00:31:11if he speaks French
00:31:13and my grandfather
00:31:14He had a hunch
00:31:14that's to say
00:31:15he said to himself
00:31:15it's better not
00:31:16that I get involved
00:31:17of this story
00:31:18and he said no
00:31:19in fact he did
00:31:21as if he didn't understand
00:31:22they asked
00:31:23to another
00:31:24from his village
00:31:25who answered
00:31:26I just don't understand.
00:31:27he did not speak French
00:31:29but he could answer
00:31:30no, yes, etc.
00:31:31they took it
00:31:32They tortured him
00:31:33They killed him
00:31:38I don't want to escape
00:31:40to the question
00:31:40It's torture
00:31:41but I'll tell you
00:31:42torture
00:31:42of course
00:31:43that we all saw it
00:31:44of course
00:31:45that we were horrified
00:31:46of course
00:31:47that at a certain point
00:31:48when you have
00:31:51your 15 friends
00:31:52which are lying down
00:31:54with the belly open
00:31:55and that you see
00:31:56this show
00:31:57it's the beast
00:31:58who wakes up there
00:31:59It's bloody
00:32:01It's a terrible reflex
00:32:03I wanted
00:32:04to spray
00:32:05the whole earth
00:32:09if the French army
00:32:10he did not shy away from any method
00:32:11It's because she covered herself up
00:32:12by political power
00:32:15because the results are there
00:32:17the number of attacks has decreased
00:32:18and the FLN is decapitated
00:32:24several of its members
00:32:25are arrested
00:32:26including Zora Drift
00:32:27the bomb planter
00:32:29milk bar
00:32:32I was arrested
00:32:34I was devastated.
00:32:35Of course
00:32:37and then
00:32:37I was also paralyzed.
00:32:39through fear of torture
00:32:41We must tell the truth.
00:32:43We are human beings
00:32:46those in charge at the time
00:32:47had given
00:32:48as an instruction
00:32:50that when we were arrested
00:32:52it was necessary to try
00:32:54to withstand torture
00:32:55during
00:32:566 hours maximum
00:32:59because during that time
00:33:00everything had changed
00:33:02and all traces
00:33:03happened
00:33:03SO
00:33:04they were about to arrive
00:33:05at one point
00:33:06where we could no longer
00:33:07go back up
00:33:07the track
00:33:13in Algiers
00:33:14Force has triumphed.
00:33:15but at the price
00:33:16of a serious moral crisis
00:33:18despite censorship
00:33:19intellectuals
00:33:20like the writer
00:33:21François Mauriac
00:33:22are outraged
00:33:23and alert public opinion
00:33:24therefore
00:33:25the French
00:33:26can no longer
00:33:27close your eyes
00:33:28torture
00:33:29will taint
00:33:30forever
00:33:31the image of France
00:33:32and his army
00:33:46in 1958
00:33:47the Algerian conflict
00:33:49triggers a crisis
00:33:50major policy
00:33:51de Gaulle
00:33:52considered
00:33:54the man of destiny
00:33:55returns to power
00:33:56and fell
00:33:57the 4th republic
00:33:59the man of June 18
00:34:00takes the Algerian question
00:34:02with gusto
00:34:04just three days
00:34:05after his accession
00:34:06in power
00:34:06He flies to Algiers
00:34:10de Gaulle confides
00:34:12Dad's Algeria
00:34:13is dead
00:34:13and if we don't understand it
00:34:15we will die with her
00:34:23we went
00:34:24shout
00:34:24Long live De Gaulle!
00:34:25Long live French Algeria!
00:34:26Yes, I have
00:34:27a fairly precise memory
00:34:28of that
00:34:29so I didn't understand
00:34:30Alright
00:34:30but anyway
00:34:31I had been taken away
00:34:32So there you have it.
00:34:36after 4 years
00:34:37war
00:34:38death
00:34:39blood fusions
00:34:40there for my grandmother
00:34:41the return of De Gaulle
00:34:42it's something
00:34:43which reassures her enormously
00:34:46It's true
00:34:47the return of De Gaulle
00:34:49Effectively
00:34:50gave birth
00:34:51despair
00:34:52but
00:34:53there was still
00:34:54one but
00:34:58in front of a huge crowd
00:34:59De Gaulle pronounces
00:35:00one of his speeches
00:35:01the most famous
00:35:02but also
00:35:03one of the most ambiguous
00:35:07I got you
00:35:17I know
00:35:18what happened
00:35:20here
00:35:28when De Gaulle said
00:35:29I got you
00:35:30that the crowd shouted
00:35:31I have that memory.
00:35:32I didn't know very well
00:35:32what he understood
00:35:33I didn't understand.
00:35:34what he understood
00:35:34but I understood
00:35:36that everyone was happy
00:35:36the famous formula
00:35:37I got you
00:35:40then each
00:35:41was trying to take her
00:35:42to his benefit
00:35:44the Algerians were saying
00:35:46Ah, there's someone!
00:35:46who understood us
00:35:48and the black feet too
00:35:49here's someone
00:35:50who understood us
00:35:57all those French people from Algeria
00:35:58were convinced
00:36:00that they were going to stay
00:36:01still in Algeria
00:36:02They were convinced
00:36:03that it would be resolved
00:36:04that all of this was going to end
00:36:05that life would resume
00:36:09General De Gaulle
00:36:11multiplies initiatives
00:36:12to bring the FLN
00:36:13negotiable
00:36:17prisoners are released
00:36:19and a vast development plan
00:36:20is announced
00:36:21while maintaining
00:36:22military pressure
00:36:30Many Algerians believe in him
00:36:32starting with the Harkis
00:36:34who fight
00:36:35in the ranks
00:36:35of the French army
00:36:39October 23, 1958
00:36:41De Gaulle crossed
00:36:43a historic step
00:36:43he calls the FLN
00:36:45to a peace between brave men
00:36:49let come
00:36:50the peace of the brave
00:36:53and I'm sure
00:36:55that hatreds
00:36:57will fade away
00:36:59than those who opened fire
00:37:02the cessation
00:37:06and that they return
00:37:08without humiliation
00:37:10to their family
00:37:11and to their work
00:37:12for us
00:37:14the peace of the brave
00:37:15it was still
00:37:17condescension
00:37:18it was still
00:37:20French
00:37:21the European
00:37:22who was coming
00:37:23throw you the bone
00:37:24as they did
00:37:25the colonists
00:37:26It was a humiliation.
00:37:27moreover
00:37:31the FLN continues the struggle
00:37:35to deprive
00:37:36the insurgents
00:37:37of all support
00:37:38the army
00:37:38forcefully moves
00:37:39nearly a quarter
00:37:40of the population
00:37:422 million Algerians
00:37:43find themselves in camps
00:37:44where women
00:37:45children
00:37:46old people
00:37:47pile up
00:37:48in deplorable conditions
00:37:56at the time
00:37:57a young graduate of the École Nationale d'Administration
00:37:58denounces
00:37:58this inhumane policy
00:37:59Michel Rocard
00:38:02his report
00:38:03leak to the press
00:38:05it obliges the government
00:38:06to be unlocked urgently
00:38:07funds
00:38:08to feed the population
00:38:09interned
00:38:10and save the weakest
00:38:20for the FLN
00:38:21the situation is critical
00:38:22His hierarchy has been decimated.
00:38:24and his troops
00:38:25lost nearly
00:38:26half
00:38:26of their staff
00:38:29however
00:38:30he does not file
00:38:31weapons
00:38:32facing him
00:38:33the supporters
00:38:34of French Algeria
00:38:35are thinking of taking them
00:38:37blood
00:38:38has not finished
00:38:39to sink
00:38:44if Algeria
00:38:45monopolizes his attention
00:38:46de Gaulle
00:38:47understands very quickly
00:38:48that France
00:38:49must also prepare
00:38:50the future
00:38:50in sub-Saharan Africa
00:38:51as in the departments
00:38:53overseas
00:38:53or in Polynesia
00:38:56the great Charles
00:38:57had crisscrossed the Empire
00:38:59during the Second World War
00:39:00he is returning to service
00:39:02from 1958
00:39:03he launches
00:39:05on a major African tour
00:39:08his goal
00:39:09prevent disintegration
00:39:10of those who remain
00:39:11of French Africa
00:39:12by offering to the colonies
00:39:14to unite
00:39:15in a community
00:39:16independent states
00:39:17in which France
00:39:18will retain its supremacy
00:39:23each country is invited
00:39:24to decide
00:39:25by referendum
00:39:27first destination
00:39:29Madagascar
00:39:30where the general
00:39:31is welcomed
00:39:32triumphantly
00:39:38I was in Antananarivo
00:39:39at that time
00:39:40everyone applauded
00:39:42when de Gaulle
00:39:43was passing in his car
00:39:44convertible
00:39:46he declared
00:39:47that the Malagasy
00:39:48were released
00:39:49French
00:39:55we twirled
00:39:56the flags
00:39:57at the time
00:39:58there was not yet
00:39:59of Malagasy flags
00:40:00then we brandished
00:40:02French flags
00:40:02we did it like this
00:40:03we were happy
00:40:06we were distributed
00:40:08flags
00:40:08so that we'll shake them
00:40:11and we shouted
00:40:12Long live General de Gaulle!
00:40:14Long live General de Gaulle!
00:40:16There
00:40:25de Gaulle continues his odyssey
00:40:27in Ivory Coast
00:40:28where Félix Oufouet de Boigny
00:40:30controls political life
00:40:31the general
00:40:32is celebrated as a liberator
00:40:36the crowd baths
00:40:37follow one another
00:40:38unsurprisingly
00:40:39because for the past ten years
00:40:41the colonial administration
00:40:42neutralized the opponents
00:40:43and placed political leaders
00:40:45who are playing the France card
00:40:49in Madagascar
00:40:50as in Ivory Coast
00:40:50de Gaulle has nothing to fear
00:40:52then thinks his entourage
00:41:00when you look at the archives
00:41:01we say
00:41:02But de Gaulle is truly loved.
00:41:04by its populations
00:41:05by its colonized
00:41:06but I wonder
00:41:08if it's not
00:41:08what do you call that
00:41:09Stockholm syndrome
00:41:11as if finally
00:41:13Africans
00:41:14eventually fell in love
00:41:16of their torturer
00:41:32but when de Gaulle arrived in Guinea
00:41:34Nothing is going as planned
00:41:37at the reception
00:41:38It's Coutouré
00:41:39the Guinean leader
00:41:40displays its firmness
00:41:44we have a first
00:41:46and indispensable need
00:41:47that of our dignity
00:41:53we prefer poverty
00:41:55in freedom
00:41:56to wealth
00:41:57in slavery
00:42:01the general is humiliated
00:42:02he will live these few words
00:42:04as a personal affront
00:42:07but he's not there yet
00:42:08of his sorrows
00:42:09because the tour continues in Dakar
00:42:11where signs are demanding
00:42:13immediate independence
00:42:17for the first time
00:42:18de Gaulle loses his temper
00:42:21I want to say a word first
00:42:23to the placard-bearers
00:42:26They want independence
00:42:28that they take it
00:42:30but if they don't take it
00:42:32so let them do
00:42:34what France offers them
00:42:36the French community
00:42:39African
00:42:43despite these incidents
00:42:44in the autumn of 1958
00:42:46all of French Africa
00:42:48joins the community
00:42:49desired by the general
00:42:51in certain territories
00:42:52Paris rigged the results
00:42:54and negotiated if necessary
00:42:55with the opponents
00:42:58only Guinea
00:42:59overwhelmingly no vote
00:43:03October 2, 1958
00:43:05it becomes the first French colony
00:43:08sub-Saharan Africa
00:43:09to achieve independence
00:43:35but this secession
00:43:38triggers a chain reaction
00:43:40despite pressure from Paris
00:43:41the other African countries
00:43:43eventually start demanding
00:43:44complete independence
00:43:46De Gaulle no longer opposes it
00:43:48he confides
00:43:50we cannot hold
00:43:51at arm's length
00:43:51this population
00:43:53our counters
00:43:54our stopovers
00:43:54our small territories
00:43:55overseas
00:43:56How's it going
00:43:56They are dust particles.
00:43:58the rest is too heavy
00:44:00the first of the French
00:44:01realizes the obvious
00:44:02his big dream
00:44:04community is dead
00:44:06the year 1960
00:44:08will be the year of change
00:44:11in less than 10 months
00:44:1215 new African states
00:44:14enter the concert
00:44:16nations
00:44:19many former members of parliament
00:44:21and ministers
00:44:21had served
00:44:22the French Republic
00:44:23they now preside
00:44:25their country
00:44:26like Félix Oufouet de Boigny
00:44:28in Ivory Coast
00:44:28or Léopold Sédar Senghor
00:44:30in Senegal
00:44:33Africa
00:44:34experiences a collective euphoria
00:44:35freedom
00:44:36of hope
00:44:37and joy
00:44:53I proclaim
00:44:55independence
00:44:57of the Darumet
00:44:58of life
00:44:59of Mercos
00:45:001960
00:45:01I proclaim
00:45:03solemnly
00:45:04independence
00:45:06from Ivory Coast
00:45:12Hi
00:45:12to the lands of hope
00:45:15land of hospitality
00:45:19in Cameroon
00:45:20cradle
00:45:21of our ancestors
00:45:22in time
00:45:22who lived
00:45:23in barbarity
00:45:34It was our first anthem.
00:45:37and it hasn't changed since
00:45:46there were elderly people
00:45:48next to me
00:45:49on the avenue
00:45:49They cried
00:45:52They were moved
00:45:53to still be here
00:45:54at the proclamation
00:45:55of independence
00:45:57we had suffered so much
00:45:59during colonization
00:46:01we were happy
00:46:02to finally be free
00:46:04we were told at school
00:46:07be careful this summer
00:46:09we are not going to commemorate
00:46:11July 14th
00:46:13we were saying
00:46:13Oh really, why?
00:46:15but because we're changing the party
00:46:16Oh good ?
00:46:17it will be a party
00:46:19from August 7
00:46:22ah
00:46:22And why?
00:46:24because on August 7th
00:46:25Ivory Coast
00:46:26will become
00:46:28independent
00:46:29Oh yeah
00:46:30We were proud.
00:46:31Ultimately
00:46:32to have
00:46:33a passport
00:46:34a flag
00:46:35that's pride
00:46:36necessarily
00:46:36at that age
00:46:38when we have never been colonized
00:46:40we cannot realize
00:46:42if the French
00:46:43can realize a little
00:46:44pressure from the Germans
00:46:46during the war
00:46:47when they freed themselves
00:46:52the parents told us
00:46:53now it's no longer the whites
00:46:54who command us
00:46:55We Africans are ourselves.
00:46:57who we command ourselves
00:46:58we say
00:46:58Oh good ?
00:46:59no no
00:46:59we continued to see
00:47:01the city commander
00:47:02it was always a white
00:47:03the prosecutor
00:47:05it was always a white
00:47:07candy
00:47:08it doesn't matter
00:47:09maybe it's the white people
00:47:10who are in the service of black people
00:47:11NOW
00:47:11and that's the memory
00:47:12that I keep
00:47:13of this day
00:47:15from the independent
00:47:16of accession
00:47:16from the independent
00:47:17from Ivory Coast
00:47:20France did not have
00:47:21other choice
00:47:22than letting go
00:47:22in sub-Saharan Africa
00:47:25of his glorious empire
00:47:26there remains
00:47:28that a handful of territories
00:47:29in which
00:47:30separatists
00:47:31and autonomists
00:47:32intensify their demands
00:47:38but in Algeria
00:47:39the war its name
00:47:40extends
00:47:41she is even preparing
00:47:42to enter its phase
00:47:43the most violent
00:47:45then opens
00:47:46the final act
00:47:47of the tragedy
00:47:51de Gaulle
00:47:52submitted in Africa
00:47:53the verdict
00:47:54of history
00:47:56lucid
00:47:56he knows that the days
00:47:58of French Algeria
00:47:59are counted
00:48:02November 4, 1960
00:48:04he speaks
00:48:07having resumed
00:48:08the head of France
00:48:10I have, we know.
00:48:12decided in his name
00:48:14to follow a new path
00:48:16this path leads
00:48:19neither
00:48:19to the government
00:48:21from Algeria
00:48:22by metropolitan France
00:48:23but to Algeria
00:48:25Algerian
00:48:28the colonial cord
00:48:29which for the past 130 years
00:48:31connected France
00:48:31to Algeria
00:48:32is broken
00:48:33for the French of Algeria
00:48:35anxiety prevails
00:48:40the debate on
00:48:41are we going to stay
00:48:43Are we going to leave?
00:48:44must have started
00:48:45in 61
00:48:46my father
00:48:47was one of those
00:48:48who said
00:48:49But no
00:48:49we must not leave
00:48:50if we leave
00:48:51that means
00:48:51that we give in
00:48:52etc
00:48:52in the family
00:48:53there were discussions
00:48:54quite lively
00:48:57more than animated
00:48:58even
00:48:58real arguments
00:48:59policies
00:49:04the ultras
00:49:05from Algeria
00:49:05French
00:49:06go on the offensive
00:49:08in February 1961
00:49:10they melt
00:49:11an organization
00:49:12the OAS
00:49:14organization
00:49:14of the secret army
00:49:17these supporters
00:49:18are ready for anything
00:49:18to impose their laws
00:49:21for months
00:49:22the OAS
00:49:22puts the country
00:49:23fire and blood
00:49:26June 18, 1961
00:49:27symbolic date
00:49:29The OAS caused 24 deaths
00:49:30in the attack
00:49:31from the Strasbourg-Paris train
00:49:33The French are in shock
00:49:37de Gaulle believed he had
00:49:38the situation in hand
00:49:39she escapes him
00:49:43France lives to the rhythm
00:49:44combined attacks
00:49:45of the OAS
00:49:46and the FLN
00:49:51war is festering
00:49:52the whole society
00:49:54in metropolitan France
00:49:55law enforcement
00:49:56they begin to take justice into their own hands
00:49:57themselves
00:50:02October 17, 1961
00:50:04in Paris
00:50:04Maurice Papon's police
00:50:06represses in the blood
00:50:07a peaceful demonstration
00:50:09of the FLN
00:50:14during this dark night
00:50:16dozens of Algerians
00:50:17are killed
00:50:18and their corpses
00:50:19are thrown into the Seine
00:50:28we must contain
00:50:29this spiral of violence
00:50:30and racism
00:50:33the Gaullist power
00:50:34and the FLN
00:50:35negotiate the bases
00:50:36of Algerian independence
00:50:42this conference table
00:50:43deserted today
00:50:45saw 12 days
00:50:46discussions
00:50:46so meticulous
00:50:47and so tight
00:50:48that they seemed
00:50:48should never end
00:50:49for 12 days
00:50:51in Evian
00:50:51the same scenes
00:50:52the same gestures
00:50:53have reproduced
00:50:54with automation
00:50:55of a ritual
00:50:57until this afternoon
00:50:59of March 18, 1962
00:51:00where the French delegation
00:51:02chaired by Mr. Louis Jox
00:51:04could say
00:51:05Mission accomplished
00:51:08the Evian agreements
00:51:09allow France
00:51:10to stay in the Sahara
00:51:11for 5 years
00:51:12she will be able to exploit
00:51:14Algerian oil
00:51:15and indulge
00:51:16to his experiments
00:51:17ballistic and nuclear
00:51:19in return
00:51:20the demands
00:51:22of the FLN
00:51:22are accepted
00:51:23and the Algerians
00:51:25obtain
00:51:25economic aid
00:51:26and financial
00:51:29but the long agreement
00:51:3093 pages
00:51:31the French
00:51:32do not retain
00:51:33that a sentence
00:51:34a ceasefire
00:51:35is concluded
00:51:38during the agreements
00:51:39from Evian
00:51:40and the ceasefire
00:51:41from March 19
00:51:43to call them
00:51:44of the contingent
00:51:45that we were
00:51:45that's obviously
00:51:46good news
00:51:48That's good news.
00:51:49because we can hope
00:51:51that we will come back
00:51:51at our place
00:51:55the violence crosses the line
00:51:56however, a new direction
00:51:57to torpedo the agreements
00:51:59the OAS multiplies
00:52:00the attacks
00:52:02a drift towards terrorism
00:52:03that the Gaullist power
00:52:04does not intend to tolerate
00:52:08March 26, 1962
00:52:10a shooting
00:52:12broke out in Algiers
00:52:13the army fires
00:52:14on the supporters
00:52:15of French Algeria
00:52:40these clashes
00:52:42between French
00:52:42cause death
00:52:44of 80 people
00:52:46for Europeans
00:52:47from Algeria
00:52:47the wound is deep
00:52:53they understand
00:52:53that they no longer have
00:52:54their place
00:52:54in the new Algeria
00:53:06on the eve
00:53:06from the summer of 1962
00:53:078,000 to 10,000 Black Feet
00:53:09leave every day
00:53:10the earth
00:53:11who saw them born
00:53:12by wearing hastily
00:53:13with them
00:53:14what they have
00:53:15most precious
00:53:20I see myself again
00:53:21on the boat
00:53:22leaving the port
00:53:25I was crying
00:53:25like a kid
00:53:26because I was suffering
00:53:27because I was in pain
00:53:28because
00:53:29because I was leaving
00:53:31something
00:53:31that I loved
00:53:32and that I had the impression
00:53:33that it belonged to me
00:53:34A little
00:53:35that having fought
00:53:36to keep it
00:53:39I had
00:53:40didn't let it finish
00:53:42this war
00:53:43I hadn't been left
00:53:43to finish
00:53:44I was told
00:53:44It's over
00:53:45You lost
00:53:54we left
00:53:55June 1, 1962
00:53:56with two suitcases
00:53:59and a box of toys
00:54:01for my brother
00:54:01and a doll for me
00:54:02It resembled the exodus
00:54:04I remember
00:54:05scenes at the airport
00:54:06we went home
00:54:07by plane
00:54:07Others have returned
00:54:08by boat
00:54:09and describe the same scenes
00:54:10we were waiting
00:54:12all sitting on the ground
00:54:13that there is an airplane
00:54:13where we can climb
00:54:14because there was
00:54:14so many people
00:54:15that it was a bit complicated
00:54:18and so
00:54:18we are really
00:54:19arrived in France
00:54:21without anything
00:54:22while camping
00:54:23for some time
00:54:28they number nearly a million
00:54:29to cross the Mediterranean
00:54:31upon their arrival
00:54:33many are arriving
00:54:34in a country
00:54:34where nobody expects them
00:54:41Do you plan to
00:54:42to stay permanently
00:54:42in metropolitan France
00:54:43I don't know
00:54:44you don't know yet
00:54:45I don't know yet
00:54:46following the events
00:54:47you have parents
00:54:47In France
00:54:48I have my whole family
00:54:49therefore
00:54:50You will decide now
00:54:51no no
00:54:51in Algeria
00:54:52she stayed there
00:54:53do you think
00:54:54that she comes
00:54:55to join you
00:54:58and you wish
00:54:59return to Algeria
00:55:00I would like with all my heart
00:55:01tomorrow we would like
00:55:02return sir
00:55:04as the gentleman said
00:55:06They are very kind.
00:55:07We are received very well everywhere
00:55:10But what do you want?
00:55:11we left everything
00:55:12my grandparents
00:55:13they lost
00:55:15their house
00:55:16they lost
00:55:19their natural homeland
00:55:22original
00:55:22there has been a historical process
00:55:24which was decolonization
00:55:25the fact that colonized peoples
00:55:26were emancipating themselves
00:55:28And they found each other again.
00:55:29there
00:55:29and powerless
00:55:31facing a historical process
00:55:33who have them
00:55:34who crushed them
00:55:47for these uprooted people
00:55:48This is year zero
00:55:49they need to rebuild
00:55:51a home
00:55:52find a job
00:55:53to integrate into France
00:55:55sometimes hostile
00:55:55often indifferent
00:55:57and not ready
00:55:58to welcome
00:55:59so many repatriates
00:56:06July 5, 1962
00:56:09after 132 years
00:56:10French presence
00:56:11and 8 years of war
00:56:12which ended
00:56:13by 300,000 to 500,000 deaths
00:56:14Algeria
00:56:16raises its flag
00:56:22Independence Day
00:56:23those days
00:56:24those days
00:56:25for our mother
00:56:25It was an incredible memory.
00:56:27to be able to be in the street
00:56:28all together
00:56:29to be able to sing
00:56:30to dance
00:56:31Besides
00:56:31we have the voter registration card
00:56:32of our mother
00:56:33where she voted
00:56:34the first vote
00:56:35of independent Algeria
00:56:36where she has her voter registration card
00:56:38that she has always kept
00:56:39at home
00:56:39and she told us this
00:57:01survive the war
00:57:026 years later
00:57:046 years of war
00:57:04survive
00:57:05it's really
00:57:08a dream
00:57:09a waking dream
00:57:13and at the same time
00:57:16it was also a day
00:57:18immense sadness
00:57:19because we lost
00:57:21many friends
00:57:23relatives
00:57:24but at the same time
00:57:27we were saying
00:57:28from where they are
00:57:29well
00:57:30they know their death
00:57:32served
00:57:34when that day arrives
00:57:41the population
00:57:42gives up
00:57:43to jubilation
00:57:45but joy
00:57:46stained with blood
00:57:49although the agreements
00:57:50deviants
00:57:51have planned
00:57:51to protect
00:57:52Europeans
00:57:53and the Harkis
00:57:53the FLN ultras
00:57:55they launch
00:57:56in a massacre
00:57:56program
00:57:58Europeans
00:57:59having wished to remain
00:58:00are savagely
00:58:02assassinated
00:58:07for the auxiliaries
00:58:08Muslims
00:58:08of the French army
00:58:09the harkis
00:58:10This is the beginning
00:58:11of a long nightmare
00:58:13the French government
00:58:15banned their arrival
00:58:15in metropolitan France
00:58:18in Algeria
00:58:19they are at the mercy
00:58:20of the FLN
00:58:23the day
00:58:24we signed
00:58:26we dropped
00:58:27these people
00:58:28we went home
00:58:29at our place
00:58:30in wheels
00:58:31the most complete
00:58:31for all the conscripts
00:58:33and by delivering
00:58:35all those
00:58:35who had decided
00:58:36to stay
00:58:37to barbarity
00:58:38I see again
00:58:40these guys
00:58:40that I didn't know
00:58:42one who told me
00:58:43my lieutenant
00:58:44we are when you go
00:58:44to have left
00:58:45kill us
00:58:47so I did
00:58:48anyway
00:58:49I have a few of them.
00:58:50who wanted to cling on
00:58:52to the aridity of the GMC
00:58:53who wanted to ride
00:58:55and me
00:58:56my military
00:58:57who were there
00:58:57I was saying
00:58:58No
00:58:58step on their fingers
00:58:59we can't bring them
00:59:01and here again
00:59:02you leave
00:59:03you close the door
00:59:05and you no longer know
00:59:06where you are going
00:59:07you open it
00:59:08another door
00:59:09that you will close
00:59:10in the same way
00:59:25thousands
00:59:26or even dozens
00:59:27thousands
00:59:27of harkis
00:59:28will be assassinated
00:59:29in Algeria
00:59:42I am a witness
00:59:43when the FLN
00:59:45had returned
00:59:45in the barracks
00:59:48I saw my father
00:59:49take
00:59:5014 stab wounds
00:59:51in the back
00:59:52the 15th
00:59:52he took
00:59:53in the face
00:59:53and I attended
00:59:55to a massacre
00:59:56null
00:59:57No one was safe.
00:59:57man
00:59:58women
00:59:58and child
00:59:59and then
01:00:00we fled
01:00:01with my mother
01:00:01who was pregnant
01:00:03and then
01:00:03we went home
01:00:04accurately
01:00:05in a camp
01:00:05folding
01:00:06we saw people
01:00:07to be massacred
01:00:08in front of the doors
01:00:09of the French army
01:00:11I think that
01:00:13from the age
01:00:155 years old
01:00:17I came home
01:00:18in adulthood
01:00:25for the pieds-noirs
01:00:26as with the Harkis
01:00:27only one alternative
01:00:29the suitcase
01:00:30or the coffin
01:00:32thanks to the few officers
01:00:34who do not respect
01:00:35the orders
01:00:3560,000 Harkis
01:00:37manage to win
01:00:38France
01:00:42we were able to take
01:00:44the boat
01:00:44it was a boat
01:00:45of goods
01:00:46We were crammed together
01:00:47like cattle
01:00:50it's very hard
01:00:51uprooting
01:00:53very hard
01:00:54to support
01:00:57the elders
01:00:58Algerian auxiliaries
01:00:59who have positioned themselves
01:00:59under the protection
01:01:00of France
01:01:01and who will be reclassified
01:01:02in our life
01:01:02economic and social
01:01:03are hosted
01:01:04at the Rivesald camp
01:01:07to the fullest extent
01:01:08of the possible
01:01:08we strive
01:01:09to alleviate the hardships
01:01:10of a phase
01:01:11waiting
01:01:11and adaptation
01:01:18propaganda
01:01:19shows the home
01:01:19caring
01:01:20authorities
01:01:25in reality
01:01:26the harkis
01:01:27are grouped together
01:01:28in camps
01:01:28far from the cities
01:01:29so that no one
01:01:30doesn't see them
01:01:33these undesirables
01:01:34become
01:01:35become
01:01:35the invisible ones
01:01:35defeat
01:01:41We were repatriated
01:01:42in 1962
01:01:43we knew France
01:01:44in 1976
01:01:45for 14 years
01:01:46Where were we?
01:01:47we were not
01:01:47in Algeria
01:01:48we were not
01:01:48In France
01:01:48But where were we?
01:01:51That's the question
01:01:52that we ask ourselves
01:01:56neither France
01:01:57nor Algeria
01:01:58do not emerge unscathed
01:02:00of the conflict
01:02:02on both sides
01:02:03of the Mediterranean
01:02:04two peoples
01:02:05two nations
01:02:07will keep for a long time
01:02:08the scars
01:02:09of this war
01:02:10nameless
01:02:18with the loss
01:02:19from Algeria
01:02:19the French
01:02:20think they have
01:02:21turned the page
01:02:21of their colonial past
01:02:24That's not the case at all.
01:02:26de Gaulle
01:02:27is certain
01:02:28that the future
01:02:28of France
01:02:29is based on the competition
01:02:30narrow
01:02:31of his former
01:02:31African possessions
01:02:32and in conservation
01:02:34of what remains
01:02:35of the Empire
01:02:38in addition to their interest
01:02:40strategic
01:02:40these territories
01:02:42teeming
01:02:43raw materials
01:02:44their independence
01:02:45must in no way
01:02:47threaten
01:02:47independence
01:02:48energy country
01:02:49the president
01:02:50announcement
01:02:51without detour
01:02:52on television
01:02:52That's a fact.
01:02:54that decolonization
01:02:57is our interest
01:02:59all countries
01:03:00underdeveloped
01:03:01to begin
01:03:02by those
01:03:03who yesterday
01:03:04depended on us
01:03:05and who are today
01:03:07our friends
01:03:07favorites
01:03:10ask
01:03:11our help
01:03:12and our competition
01:03:15but this aid
01:03:17and this competition
01:03:19Why
01:03:20would we give them
01:03:23if it's not worth it
01:03:24no need
01:03:26if there is no
01:03:27cooperation
01:03:29and if what we bring
01:03:31does not include
01:03:32no compensation
01:03:37Paris
01:03:37doesn't hear
01:03:38to obtain its counterparties
01:03:40by simple
01:03:41sealed agreements
01:03:41between equal states
01:03:43Francophone Africa
01:03:45must become
01:03:46the precarious
01:03:47of France
01:03:49the Cold War
01:03:50allows
01:03:51arrangements
01:03:52to avoid
01:03:53the spread
01:03:53of communism
01:03:54NATO
01:03:55France's responsibility
01:03:56to become
01:03:56the policeman
01:03:58from Africa
01:04:03It's Jacques Focard
01:04:05veteran of Free France
01:04:06and close to the general
01:04:07who manages this France-Africa
01:04:09as it will now be called
01:04:12his mission
01:04:14support the powers
01:04:15who play the game
01:04:16of Franco-African friendship
01:04:17and neutralize
01:04:18the recalcitrant ones
01:04:24thus in November 1960
01:04:26the Cameroonian
01:04:28Félix Moumier
01:04:28new leader
01:04:29of the UPC
01:04:30is murdered
01:04:31by William Bechtel
01:04:32member of the services
01:04:33French secrets
01:04:36loyal to France
01:04:38the president
01:04:39Aïdjo
01:04:39has nothing more to fear
01:04:40of the opposition
01:04:41he will remain in power
01:04:43for 22 years
01:04:48in Togo
01:04:49the president
01:04:50Sylvanus Olympio
01:04:51wanted to happen
01:04:52of the former power
01:04:53colonial
01:04:55he is eliminated
01:04:56in circumstances
01:04:57troubles
01:05:02France will intervene
01:05:04militarily
01:05:04more than twenty
01:05:05sometimes
01:05:05in the years
01:05:0660 and 70
01:05:07to do
01:05:08and undo
01:05:08African leaders
01:05:09and ensure
01:05:10stability
01:05:11of his interests
01:05:18most
01:05:19our leaders
01:05:20independences
01:05:24Africans
01:05:24like me
01:05:25they are called
01:05:25guards
01:05:26chioum
01:05:26interests
01:05:27of France
01:05:29some of them
01:05:30were installed
01:05:31with blessing
01:05:32de Gaulle
01:05:33after the blessing
01:05:34of Chirac
01:05:34or the blessing
01:05:35of all these gifts
01:05:38who succeeded
01:05:38at the head
01:05:39of France
01:05:39decolonization
01:05:40took place
01:05:42but France-Africa
01:05:43took over
01:05:44I want to say
01:05:45financial interests
01:05:46political interests
01:05:49with France
01:05:50economic monopolies
01:05:53in certain areas
01:05:55all of that
01:05:55It wouldn't exist
01:05:56if the countries
01:05:58had not been colonized
01:05:59Before
01:06:03alongside France-Africa
01:06:05the de Gaulle years
01:06:06are also those
01:06:07of the takeover
01:06:08overseas territories
01:06:09where more than a million
01:06:10and a half people
01:06:11still live
01:06:12in the shadow of the tricolor flag
01:06:18in Comoros and Djibouti
01:06:19in Reunion
01:06:20in French Guiana and the Antilles
01:06:22in Polynesia
01:06:23as in New Caledonia
01:06:24many have the feeling
01:06:25of having passed
01:06:26alongside the wind of history
01:06:29they are now demanding
01:06:30another relationship
01:06:31with France
01:06:31and sometimes
01:06:33independence
01:06:37an unacceptable demand
01:06:40De Gaulle confides
01:06:42between Europe and America
01:06:43There's nothing but dust.
01:06:45and we don't build
01:06:46states based on dust
01:06:57to neutralize
01:06:58any desire for independence
01:06:59France is developing
01:07:00several strategies
01:07:02in many territories
01:07:04she places her men
01:07:05and puts the groups
01:07:06separatists at stake
01:07:08in 1963
01:07:09General de Gaulle
01:07:11sends this
01:07:12on Reunion Island
01:07:13Michel Debré
01:07:13his former prime minister
01:07:16as in the colonial era
01:07:17election rigging
01:07:19is becoming widespread
01:07:20to get elected
01:07:21the candidate of power
01:07:22the force is coming
01:07:24Joseph
01:07:24born on 19-6-29
01:07:26died on October 17
01:07:281962
01:07:29even the dead
01:07:30have a voter registration card
01:07:31and vote for Michel Debré
01:07:33died on June 1st
01:07:34the opposition is silenced
01:07:36throughout the municipality
01:07:37all of us private individuals
01:07:38of our electoral maps
01:07:39I was a city councillor
01:07:40I was deprived of my card
01:07:41that from there
01:07:41I was a city councillor
01:07:43I was deprived of his card
01:07:44For what reasons?
01:07:45because we were not
01:07:46communists
01:07:46Reunion is French
01:07:48So we are French.
01:07:50in its own right
01:07:52we wish to remain French
01:07:53because France
01:07:55is the light of the world
01:07:56unsurprisingly
01:07:58Debré
01:07:58is elected deputy of Réunion
01:08:01from 1964
01:08:02he has his main opponent charged
01:08:05Paul Vergès
01:08:05leader of the Réunion Communist Party
01:08:08for undermining the integrity of the state
01:08:12Paul Vergès
01:08:13my father
01:08:14will go underground
01:08:16for two years
01:08:16to escape repression
01:08:18and we will know
01:08:20the arrivals of the police
01:08:22at 6 a.m.
01:08:24the house
01:08:25placed underneath
01:08:26my mother was threatened
01:08:29we are being followed
01:08:30when we go to school
01:08:31by the police
01:08:32there is a crackdown
01:08:34strong one that falls
01:08:35really about the brides
01:08:39Paul Vergès
01:08:40surrenders to the authorities
01:08:41and will be arrested
01:08:42the communist party
01:08:44is ten years
01:08:45Reunion
01:08:46fall back into line
01:08:52in addition to repression
01:08:54Paris
01:08:54uses another method
01:08:56swap massive investments
01:08:58against political inaction
01:09:01de Gaulle
01:09:02Created in Kourou, French Guiana
01:09:03a rocket launch site
01:09:07and in Polynesia
01:09:08at Mururoa
01:09:09he sets up a center
01:09:11nuclear experimentation
01:09:12to replace the Algerian site
01:09:14of Reagan
01:09:14which must be abandoned
01:09:22Polynesia
01:09:24kindly agreed to be the seat
01:09:26of this large organization
01:09:28there is also
01:09:30if I may say
01:09:32compensation
01:09:33development
01:09:35who accompanies
01:09:37this organization of the center
01:09:39is brilliant
01:09:40what must follow
01:09:42will be no less
01:09:48these pharaonic projects
01:09:49promise growth
01:09:51and offer jobs
01:09:53in reality
01:09:55they place the populations
01:09:56of these territories
01:09:57kept alive by the metropolis
01:10:02some investments
01:10:03are often sufficient
01:10:04bayonet
01:10:05their desire for independence
01:10:06or autonomy
01:10:15elsewhere
01:10:16France moves
01:10:17populations
01:10:18at the meeting
01:10:19in Martinique
01:10:20and in Guadeloupe
01:10:21the government
01:10:22puts in place
01:10:23the Bumidum
01:10:24office for development
01:10:25migrations
01:10:26in the departments
01:10:27overseas
01:10:29this structure
01:10:30organizes the migration
01:10:32young working people
01:10:32overseas
01:10:33towards the metropolis
01:10:35the objective
01:10:37avoid any social explosion
01:10:39and at the same time
01:10:40neutralize
01:10:41this young generation
01:10:42who could mobilize
01:10:43for independence
01:10:47advertising
01:10:48France boasts to them
01:10:49like a land of plenty
01:10:51all
01:10:51believe in a better future
01:10:54they arrived
01:10:56one fine morning
01:10:56at Saint-Lazare station
01:10:58by train
01:10:58like this one
01:10:59which brings today
01:11:01after two weeks
01:11:02crossing
01:11:02the passengers
01:11:03of the ocean liner Colombes
01:11:05you come back
01:11:05from Martinique
01:11:06from Guadeloupe
01:11:07from Guadeloupe
01:11:08This is your first trip
01:11:09in metropolitan France
01:11:10Yes yes
01:11:11This is the first trip
01:11:11you come to work here
01:11:13Yes
01:11:13Are you going to stay in Paris?
01:11:15Oh, I don't know anything about that yet.
01:11:17This is your first trip
01:11:18in metropolitan France
01:11:18Yes yes
01:11:19my first trip
01:11:19you come to work here
01:11:21Yes, I came too.
01:11:22I can do it
01:11:23you come from the West Indies
01:11:25from Martinique
01:11:26or from Guadeloupe
01:11:27Yes, I came from Martinique.
01:11:28of Bucotte
01:11:28Yes
01:11:29you are going to stay in Paris
01:11:31Yes, I'd like to tell you.
01:11:39hope quickly gives way to disillusionment
01:11:43the Bumidomians
01:11:44as they are nicknamed
01:11:45discover that they are destined
01:11:46to subordinate tasks
01:11:51for my father, actually
01:11:53The Bumidom is a betrayal
01:11:54because we made them believe
01:11:56in fact to the Guadeloupeans
01:11:59that France
01:12:00it was a new Eldorado
01:12:01the Bumidom is part
01:12:03major violence
01:12:05psychological
01:12:06inflicted on entire populations
01:12:07women
01:12:09who arrived
01:12:10and to which we learned
01:12:12to be perfect
01:12:13housewives
01:12:14they needed to learn
01:12:15to iron
01:12:16to sew
01:12:17to cook
01:12:18as if
01:12:18first as if
01:12:19they didn't already know how to do it
01:12:20and then as if they weren't
01:12:22intended for that purpose only
01:12:23It's very violent.
01:12:26we didn't have to do that
01:12:28in this way
01:12:29It's not the Bumidom itself
01:12:31which is a crime
01:12:32that's the way
01:12:33totally cynical
01:12:35which is why it was done
01:12:39in 20 years
01:12:40tens of thousands of people
01:12:42will migrate to the metropolis
01:12:44an entire generation
01:12:46they will suffer the agony of being uprooted
01:12:48and the poison of racism
01:12:54even now
01:12:55when I give lectures
01:12:56in the region
01:12:57as they say
01:12:58there are young women
01:13:00or young men
01:13:01who approach me
01:13:01who tell me that their parents
01:13:02came via the Bumidom
01:13:04young women from Réunion
01:13:05and people from Réunion born in France
01:13:06and who tell me
01:13:07that their parents
01:13:08they don't want to talk about it
01:13:10I think so much
01:13:11the trauma was great
01:13:12that's to say
01:13:13there is a kind of shame
01:13:14associated with this
01:13:20in the 1960s
01:13:21France manages it this way
01:13:22the wreckage of his empire
01:13:26despite this neocolonialism
01:13:27from another age
01:13:28the time of brutal repression
01:13:30seems to be well past
01:13:32cruel illusion
01:13:36in March 1967
01:13:38in Djibouti
01:13:39the crowd demands
01:13:40independence
01:13:41France represses
01:13:43and several protesters
01:13:44are killed
01:13:46three months later
01:13:47it's in Guadeloupe
01:13:49what happens
01:13:49one of the last crimes
01:13:50colonial
01:13:53in Pointe-à-Pitre
01:13:54in May 1967
01:13:55construction workers
01:13:57demand an increase
01:13:58salary
01:13:59a riot breaks out
01:14:02as in Djibouti
01:14:03the clashes
01:14:04resemble scenes
01:14:05war
01:14:08police fire into the crowd
01:14:11There are several dead
01:14:17in the territories
01:14:19overseas
01:14:19Power still kills
01:14:21his opponents
01:14:24terrified
01:14:25the families of the victims
01:14:26retreat into silence
01:14:30how can we have
01:14:31the desire to go there
01:14:33come and complain
01:14:34of death
01:14:35of one of the members
01:14:35of his family
01:14:36to the same police officers
01:14:38who shot at us
01:14:39previously
01:14:40So there are many
01:14:41of body
01:14:43who were
01:14:45buried by the families
01:14:46and the idea was
01:14:47we remain silent
01:14:48and we remain silent
01:14:49for dozens
01:14:50and decades
01:14:51about these events
01:14:52so as not to
01:14:53that our families
01:14:54are involved
01:14:55In fact
01:14:55in a story
01:14:57independence
01:14:58from Guadeloupe
01:14:59we don't know
01:15:00the number of
01:15:02corpses
01:15:04from the official side
01:15:05It's 7
01:15:06on the side of the West Indies
01:15:08That's 67
01:15:08even 87
01:15:10it's unclear
01:15:11but all we know
01:15:13that's what this founding date is about
01:15:16which should have been
01:15:17a task
01:15:18This is France
01:15:19since it's France
01:15:20has been obscured
01:15:23events
01:15:24from May 1967
01:15:25will wait decades
01:15:27to be revealed
01:15:28and recognized
01:15:30even today
01:15:31these crimes
01:15:32haunt the Guadeloupeans
01:15:35a fresco
01:15:36commemoration
01:15:36Finally, this tragedy
01:15:43the victims
01:15:44have long
01:15:44were unable
01:15:45to transmit
01:15:45memory
01:15:48you know when
01:15:50You are despised.
01:15:54I'm not sure
01:15:55that you want to tell this
01:15:57to future generations
01:15:58because it's an injury
01:16:01because maybe
01:16:02that it is once again
01:16:05people who are rising up
01:16:07and who don't arrive
01:16:08to change things
01:16:10somewhere
01:16:11Perhaps it's something that has been experienced
01:16:12like something
01:16:14shameful
01:16:15because they didn't win
01:16:17once again
01:16:19and that's the state
01:16:19who won
01:16:24two years later
01:16:26in 1969
01:16:27de Gaulle leaves power
01:16:31the dust of empire
01:16:33as he called them
01:16:34remained in France
01:16:37they offer to the metropolis
01:16:39an exceptional factor
01:16:40power
01:16:43However
01:16:44during the decade
01:16:45next
01:16:46Djibouti
01:16:47the Comoros
01:16:48and the new hybrids
01:16:49achieve independence
01:16:54despite the opposition
01:16:55the struggles
01:16:56France manages
01:16:57to keep
01:16:58the island of Mayotte
01:16:59New Caledonia
01:17:00Polynesia
01:17:01and all its departments
01:17:03and overseas regions
01:17:08the successors
01:17:09of General de Gaulle
01:17:10will never hand over
01:17:11in question
01:17:11the colonial legacy
01:17:13of the Great Charles
01:17:14neither the president
01:17:15Georges Pompidou
01:17:16nor Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
01:17:18nor François Mitterrand
01:17:20will not return
01:17:21during this period
01:17:22inglorious
01:17:22of the Republic
01:17:27after decades
01:17:28silence
01:17:29crimes
01:17:30the most violent
01:17:30and the most proven ones
01:17:31are progressively
01:17:33denounced by the most
01:17:34high authorities
01:17:34of the State
01:17:36the bloody repression
01:17:37from Madagascar
01:17:38the Tcharoy massacre
01:17:40in Senegal
01:17:40just like violence
01:17:42of the colonial system
01:17:43in Algeria
01:17:43will be sentenced
01:17:45not without controversy
01:17:49but the official ceremonies
01:17:51the tributes
01:17:53and the long speeches
01:17:53have not appeased
01:17:55nor nostalgia
01:17:56nor the frustrations
01:17:57nor resentments
01:18:00decolonization
01:18:02remains a legacy
01:18:03bulky
01:18:04who always rocks
01:18:05our company
01:18:08the wars of independence
01:18:09crimes for too long
01:18:11hidden
01:18:12the hidden massacres
01:18:14marked with their iron
01:18:15all the actors
01:18:16of this tragedy
01:18:17and their heirs
01:18:23they are today
01:18:24millions
01:18:24on both sides
01:18:25of the colonial mirror
01:18:28descendants of riflemen
01:18:29or harkis
01:18:30black feet
01:18:31or veterans of Indochina
01:18:33veterans of Algeria
01:18:34or children of immigrants
01:18:35former colonies
01:18:36all
01:18:37are the custodians
01:18:39of a wounded memory
01:18:41to think about their wounds
01:18:44all these stories
01:18:44must now
01:18:45register
01:18:47in a shared history
01:18:51it's time to turn the page
01:18:52and surrender to the present
01:18:54That's for sure
01:18:56But how do we turn the page?
01:18:57when it is not written
01:18:59there is a very large deficit
01:19:01education
01:19:01on this subject
01:19:03who in addition
01:19:04Today
01:19:05is kind of swept under the rug
01:19:07and I find that the French state
01:19:08in fact fails in his duty
01:19:09by not learning this story
01:19:12History is not written
01:19:13with an eraser
01:19:15these are things
01:19:16that do not fade away
01:19:18this tragic past
01:19:19dramatic
01:19:20unfair
01:19:21unjustified
01:19:21make it less toxic
01:19:23it's making it visible
01:19:25that's the way he speaks
01:19:25it's putting words to it
01:19:26and the longer we wait
01:19:29that famous discussion
01:19:30between us
01:19:31and the more we pay
01:19:32the broken pots
01:19:33And the more monstrous they become
01:19:34or even irreparable
01:19:36I think that today
01:19:37the little children
01:19:38children and grandchildren
01:19:39in particular can do this work
01:19:41of rapprochement
01:19:42because they were not
01:19:43direct actors
01:19:44of this story
01:19:45so they didn't feel
01:19:46it's in their flesh
01:19:48ignorance
01:19:49ignorance
01:19:50that's the worst thing
01:19:51our children
01:19:53from
01:19:54from different environments
01:19:56do not know
01:19:57our story
01:19:58which must be filled
01:20:00glorious deeds
01:20:03certainly
01:20:04but shameful wars
01:20:05Also
01:20:06but it's part of it
01:20:07of our history
01:20:08it's more
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