00:00Just after his creation, the cosmos was plunged into the darkness.
00:04I was not personally, but it's what most scientists think.
00:08All the stars were hidden behind a heavy rainstorm of primordial gases.
00:12Then, suddenly, something has dissipated this rainstorm,
00:16and the universe is set to shine, as if it was finally waking up.
00:19But how did that happen?
00:21Eight galaxies just recently discovered,
00:24could not give a answer.
00:25The Big Bang created our world there about 13,8 billion years ago.
00:31In the beginning, there was only one soup of particles in ebullition,
00:34very hot and chaotic.
00:36But during the time, things were cold,
00:39and the particles ended up sticking together the unes to the other.
00:42Thus, the atoms appeared.
00:44A little helium, but especially hydrogen,
00:47the first element.
00:48These first elements created an intense gases of gas,
00:52very opaque.
00:52Then, the first stars began to form.
00:56They were incredibly brilliant.
00:58They emitted a lot of light,
01:00including ultraviolet rays.
01:02But despite that,
01:03a large part of their light could not be spread very far
01:07because of this bad smoke of hydrogen.
01:09The gases of gas absorbent and dispersing
01:12all the small particles of light.
01:14It's like if the light was buried around the stars.
01:18This dark dark cloud has lasted hundreds of millions of years.
01:22Then, everything changed.
01:23Recently, the space telescope James Webb
01:26has seen an ancient galaxies Nen
01:28datant of this time.
01:29It seems to be those that we should thank them
01:32for illuminating the universe.
01:34At the time, these galaxies were filled with primitive stars.
01:37These stars were so powerful
01:40that they could not only dominate,
01:42but also break the hydrogen atom
01:45in the water.
01:46They transformed into particles charged,
01:49in particles that transport a little bit of electricity,
01:52called ions.
01:53Little to little,
01:54the water dissipated.
01:56This dissipation of water dissipation
01:58is called the rayonization.
02:01And this belle epoch is known
02:02by the name of the age of rayonization.
02:05Finally,
02:05the light was able to travel
02:06in all corners of the universe,
02:08which really changed the light.
02:09Like the light of the light of man.
02:12For finding these little allumeurs,
02:14the astronomers have used
02:16a technique called
02:17lentilles gravitationnelles.
02:19Imaginez that the light
02:20voyage into space
02:21like a vessel rectiligne.
02:23But like all what exists
02:24in our world,
02:26including the time,
02:27the light obeys to gravity.
02:29If she is too strong,
02:30she deforms the light.
02:32So, when the light passes
02:35near a massive object,
02:36the gravity of the object
02:38attire,
02:38curve and deforms
02:40their trajectories.
02:42It's why the black holes
02:42are so afraid.
02:44They tear the stars
02:45and all the space
02:46around them
02:47like a tourbillons.
02:48But it's not so afraid,
02:50in fact.
02:51Un ver ordinary
02:51or a loop
02:52does something similar.
02:54D'où the name
02:55lentilles gravitationnelles.
02:57When the object
02:58which makes office
02:59of lentilles
03:00is incredibly massive,
03:01it deforms the light
03:02in multiple images
03:04of the same object,
03:04so that the light
03:07and fascinating
03:08that we call
03:09anode Einstein.
03:11However,
03:12if the object
03:12is not very large,
03:13the curve
03:14is less spectacular
03:15and deforms
03:16slightly the form
03:17of the object
03:18in the rear-plan,
03:19giving an air
03:19a little bit
03:20entirer.
03:21The effect
03:21of lentilles gravitationnelles
03:23also allows the scientists
03:24to study the mysterious
03:26matter noire.
03:27If the light
03:28seems entirer
03:29and that this
03:34entirerment
03:34it may be something
03:35of invisible
03:36and heavy
03:37that curve
03:38these eight galaxies
03:39being too few
03:40luminous,
03:41scientists have to
03:42look at this
03:43gravitational astuce
03:43to observe them.
03:46The researchers
03:46studied the
03:47light of the old galaxies
03:48of more than 13
03:49billions of years.
03:50They focused on
03:52a galaxy galaxy
03:52called Abel
03:542744
03:55also known
03:56by the name
03:56of Pandore.
03:58These discoveries
03:59have allowed
03:59to understand
04:00how these little
04:01good people
04:01have played
04:02a significant role
04:03in the transformation
04:04of the primitive universe.
04:06The telescope
04:06James Webb
04:07is an incredible tool
04:08that could soon
04:09allow us to
04:10look at
04:11even more old
04:12periods
04:12that of the cosmos
04:13when the universe
04:15was born only
04:16for a few millions
04:17of years.
04:17Another amazing tool
04:19the space telescope
04:20Nancy Grace Roman
04:21will help.
04:22It is also possible
04:23that these galaxies
04:24have not done
04:25all this work
04:26alone.
04:27These first massive stars
04:28were absolutely
04:29terrifying.
04:30According to some
04:31estimations,
04:32they were
04:3330 to 300
04:34times more massive
04:35than our soleil
04:36and millions
04:36times more brillantes.
04:38The modern stars
04:39contain
04:39heavy elements
04:40but at the time
04:41they used
04:42the only elements
04:43available,
04:44hydrogen and helium
04:45which explains
04:46why they were
04:47so warm and bright.
04:49But they also
04:50had a very short
04:52duration
04:52of a few millions
04:53of years
04:53to compare
04:55our soleil
04:57has
04:574 600
04:58millions
04:59and he is
05:00always
05:00happy for us.
05:03At the end
05:04of their lives,
05:05they were
05:05transformed
05:05into supernovae.
05:07These explosions
05:08of color energy
05:09were so powerful
05:10that they were
05:11forged the first
05:12heavy elements
05:13of our world
05:14and disseminated
05:15throughout the universe
05:16as well as the first
05:18grains of future
05:19planets.
05:20But the stars
05:20themselves
05:21did not simply
05:22disappear.
05:23They were
05:24down
05:24under their gravity
05:26created the first
05:27black holes.
05:28Or,
05:29the black holes
05:29are also known
05:31to produce
05:32insensitive quantities
05:33of radiation.
05:34It is therefore possible
05:35that they could
05:35contribute to
05:36accelerate the dissipation
05:37of the rain.
05:38Ironically,
05:39they could contribute
05:40to the universe
05:41to shine.
05:43The recent discoveries
05:44show that the black holes
05:45could be much
05:47more ancient
05:47than we thought.
05:48They could probably
05:49have participated
05:50in the formation
05:50of new stars
05:51and galaxies.
05:52Their mass
05:53was thousands
05:54of millions
05:54or thousands
05:55of thousands
05:56of times
05:56higher than the
05:57sun.
05:58The telescope
05:59James Webb
06:00has already discovered
06:01a pair of
06:02quasars
06:02precoces.
06:03That's what we call
06:04the brilliant centers
06:05of galaxies
06:06alimented by
06:07black holes
06:08supermassive.
06:09They are quite strange.
06:11They have fusioned
06:12900 millions
06:12of years
06:13after the Big Bang.
06:15It could be
06:16the most ancient
06:17and the most
06:18ever discovered.
06:19The telescope
06:21also studied
06:22what we call
06:23the
06:23cosmic
06:23in language
06:25scientific
06:25they are
06:26pulsars.
06:27They are very dense
06:29of massive stars.
06:31They form
06:31from stars
06:32which were
06:33four to eight
06:34times more massive
06:35than the sun.
06:37One of their
06:37most remarkable
06:38is the speed
06:40of which they turn
06:41on themselves.
06:42They are part
06:42of the most rapid
06:44of the universe.
06:45They can
06:45about 700
06:46rotations
06:47in one second.
06:49They have their name
06:50to the fact
06:50that they behave
06:51like
06:51phares.
06:52That's to say
06:53that they emit
06:54radio waves
06:55clignotant.
06:56These rays of radiation
06:58across the sky
06:59create a signal
07:00in form of
07:01impulse
07:01that we are able to detect
07:03a star
07:05of the
07:06wave.
07:07The
07:08nuclear fusion
07:08produces
07:09inside its
07:10noyau.
07:10The atoms
07:11fall into
07:12the others
07:13fall into
07:13the waves
07:14and liberate
07:17incredible
07:17energy.
07:18That's why
07:20they emit
07:20as much light
07:21and heat
07:21and heat
07:21of the
07:22Of course,
07:23all this pressure
07:24is directed
07:25to the outside.
07:26It's a bit like
07:27if the stars
07:27transpired
07:28in an effort
07:29to dilate.
07:30Plus the fusion
07:31is important,
07:33plus the stars
07:33become powerful.
07:35The gravity
07:37turns the stars
07:37towards the inside,
07:38trying to compress
07:39its shape
07:41to make
07:41its shape
07:42the stars
07:43will continue
07:45to live.
07:46But
07:46when she
07:47grows
07:47and
07:47she becomes
07:50too weak
07:51to produce
07:51the energy
07:52that she needs
07:53and can no longer
07:54fight against the gravity.
07:55It's then
07:56she falls
07:57and explodes
07:59in supernova.
08:00There is
08:01more than the
08:01heart
08:02of the star
08:02which is now
08:03reduced to a
08:04incredibly low
08:05scale
08:06between 19
08:07and 27
08:08kilometers
08:08of diameter.
08:12We call this
08:13dense
08:13a neutron.
08:15The material
08:16contained in a neutron
08:17is so dense
08:18that a single
08:19cup of coffee
08:20would weigh
08:21up to 4 million
08:22tons,
08:23so the equivalent
08:24to 10,000 Empire State Buildings.
08:26This explosion
08:27creates a reaction
08:28which turns
08:29the neutron
08:30to all speed
08:31and gives
08:31a pulsar
08:33a little
08:34like when
08:34a glace
08:35to turn
08:36more quickly
08:37to cross his arms
08:38on his body.
08:39The pulsars are often
08:40accompanied by
08:41a smaller star.
08:42It's not that long
08:43ago,
08:43astronomers
08:44discovered a pulsar
08:45who,
08:46for an unknown reason,
08:48was surrounded by
08:48a large number of
08:49energy materials.
08:50They realized
08:51that all this
08:52was the vestige
08:54of another star
08:54much bigger.
08:56It turns out
08:56that the pulsar
08:57had slowly
08:58destroyed his friend
08:59with his terrible
09:00radiation
09:00and particles
09:01until
09:02practically
09:03destroyed.
09:04It's a bit like
09:05a black woman
09:05who
09:06destroyed his companion.
09:07These systems
09:08have been called
09:09the pulsars
09:09black women.
09:11Whatever it is,
09:12these
09:12rays have very likely
09:14contributed to the
09:15rayonization process.
09:17A long time,
09:18they were
09:18very energetic
09:19stars
09:20in small galaxies
09:21and they emitted
09:22enough rayon
09:24to transform
09:25the primitive universe.
09:27The James Webb
09:28telescope
09:28has for mission
09:29to find other rays
09:30and determine
09:31the role
09:31they played
09:32in the evolution
09:33of our universe.
09:34of our universe.
09:34The James Webb
09:34The James Webb
09:35of the Earth.
09:35The James Webb
Comments