Lecture - 02- Coordinates Reference Systems - video Dailymotion

Muhammad Arshad

1. Methods to Approximate Earth Surface 2. Coordinate Reference System 3. Geographic Coordinate System 4. Map Projection and Their Types

Transcript

00:00:01The second question is that in geometric objects, we have different features like ABCD type of polygons.

00:00:11Here I have a concept of different features which exist in ground as a point line or polygon.

00:00:20The roads will be made by lines, but lines are made by points and then lines are made by a

00:00:27polygon.

00:00:27If we talk about a feature, we have two polygons or two buildings.

00:00:36The property is connected plots.

00:00:39The portion is left and the right portion is left.

00:00:45The points above three lines are made by two polygons.

00:00:54If we look at a plot, we have two overlapping objects.

00:01:03Here we have three overlapping objects.

00:01:12You can also choose the upper objects?

00:01:14Here is a part of our own objects.

00:01:16The next two objects are left.

00:01:25And the one two objects is a part of our system.

00:01:27The other objects in view, we have different objects.

00:01:33If the big buildings are left and the other objects, we can work in the building.

00:01:39Like the existing objects are right.

00:01:41so you can understand that overlapping buildings are

00:01:44and D is a hollow boundary.

00:01:47Is this clear?

00:01:51Yes sir, thank you very much.

00:01:54Okay, do you have a question from last lecture?

00:02:05Is this not a question?

00:02:07Sir, it's not a question.

00:02:08Okay, so now we have open our forum and we can answer any questions.

00:02:16I will ask you a few small questions.

00:02:18I will ask you how many last lectures you have

00:02:22or revised it or not.

00:02:24Tell me what is scale?

00:02:29No one can answer this.

00:02:32Scale is what is scale?

00:02:34Yes sir, I have told you that

00:02:36map distance versus round distance

00:02:40which is the ratio of scale.

00:02:43Great, okay.

00:02:46If I show a city

00:02:48from a polygon,

00:02:50then I will show a city from a polygon.

00:02:52It will not show a scale.

00:02:54It will become a dot.

00:03:10I will make an area.

00:03:13She goes to the map.

00:03:13It will also be a map for a future.

00:03:13It will come to the map.

00:03:13And the map is a country to the map.

00:03:16Pakistan is a map.

00:03:18That would be a big area to represent.

00:03:19So if Pakistan was made by

00:03:21a map to do a small scale.

00:03:23Yeah, I'm going to make a small scale.

00:03:30Area wise, let's see.

00:03:33Pakistan's small scale.

00:03:37Pakistan's small scale.

00:03:39Exactly.

00:03:40Exactly.

00:03:40Okay, so I know that if I have an area to calculate the building, I want to create a line,

00:03:52or point, or polygon, or points.

00:03:57Sir, polygon.

00:03:59Polygon.

00:04:01Polygon.

00:04:03Polygon.

00:04:09Polygon.

00:04:10and there are xyz values

00:04:13I mean 5 points

00:04:14A, B, C, D, K

00:04:15or electric poles

00:04:16or whatever

00:04:17so my points

00:04:18are

00:04:19so I will show them

00:04:21what way I will show you

00:04:25lines through

00:04:25or polygons through

00:04:27I have points

00:04:30Sir, lines through

00:04:31points

00:04:33we will represent points

00:04:35if I have roots

00:04:36draw then what will I do

00:04:39then lines

00:04:39lines are good

00:04:43lines are good

00:04:44roads are good

00:04:47line is good

00:04:48lines are good

00:04:48yes sir

00:04:49I have no question

00:04:52I don't have any questions

00:04:53I mean that I have to

00:04:55see a lecture regularly

00:04:56because you have to

00:04:57see a lecture

00:04:58very much

00:04:58and then clear

00:05:00we cannot do this

00:05:01in the time

00:05:02so I am going to

00:05:03do this lecture

00:05:04I am going to

00:05:06I am going to

00:05:07I am going to

00:05:09do this

00:05:09but I am going to

00:05:13do this

00:05:13I am going to

00:05:16I am going to

00:05:22do this

00:05:26so I am going to

00:05:28learn

00:05:29do this

00:05:29i am going to

00:05:31do this

00:05:31or

00:05:31who have

00:05:32told me

00:05:32this

00:05:33was a student

00:05:36that is

00:05:36to

00:05:37you

00:05:38who have

00:05:38you

00:05:39who have

00:05:56sir hasiib is here

00:05:58hasiib is here

00:06:04no sir

00:06:06hasiib will say that you will have

00:06:09two lectures

00:06:115 5

00:06:11these are recording

00:06:13last recording

00:06:14now we are going to go

00:06:16to class

00:06:18conceptual

00:06:21but we will

00:06:25do

00:06:26practical side

00:06:26we have seen

00:06:29raster

00:06:30and vector data

00:06:31when we are working

00:06:35in the lecture

00:06:36when we are

00:06:38raster

00:06:39or vector

00:06:40after

00:06:42projection

00:06:43or special reference

00:06:44system

00:06:45which we have assigned

00:06:46to do

00:06:47before

00:06:49projection

00:06:55we are

00:06:57projecting

00:06:59projecting

00:07:01we are

00:07:02now we are

00:07:13projecting

00:07:17the

00:07:18square

00:07:18piece of paper

00:07:19on the whole globe

00:07:21transfer

00:07:22we want to work

00:07:23in this process

00:07:25we are

00:07:26projecting

00:07:29coordinate

00:07:30system

00:07:30in the earth

00:07:32circular reference

00:07:34system

00:07:34in the

00:07:35plane

00:07:37or

00:07:38Cartesian

00:07:39coordinate

00:07:39system

00:07:40in the earth

00:07:41we are

00:07:46projecting

00:07:46that we

00:07:46projection

00:07:47in the

00:07:49different methods

00:07:50we are

00:07:50taking

00:07:51the

00:07:53different methods

00:07:54and coordinate

00:08:09systems

00:08:10basically

00:08:10Basically, our lecture will be related to this.

00:08:13Before we start a little bit, I'll ask you a question.

00:08:18What can we do with Earth in which shape we can approximate?

00:08:26What can we do with Earth in which shape we can approximate?

00:08:36We can say circle round or round.

00:08:44Circle, lipsoid.

00:08:47Exactly.

00:08:49Lipsoid is called.

00:08:51Basically, our approximation is our.

00:08:53We have different objects.

00:08:55We have to show vector or raster format.

00:08:58Before we start to show, we need to show earth.

00:09:01What should we do with Earth?

00:09:06So, better approximation is what we do with.

00:09:08So, now we have to look at simplicity.

00:09:11We have options available.

00:09:13We have to look at the edges.

00:09:15To be clear, we can't see the face of the earth.

00:09:17So, the earth is basically perfect sphere.

00:09:19That is not a flat sphere.

00:09:22Now, it's not a flat sphere.

00:09:24We have to look at irregularities.

00:09:26We have to look at the edges.

00:09:39ellipsoid یا سفیروائیڈ سے دکھا دیں

00:09:41یا ہم لوگ کہہ دیتے ہیں

00:09:43کہ ارتھ کو جوائیڈ سے دکھا دیں

00:09:45تو زمین ideal ویسی کے لیے

00:09:47سفیر نہیں ہے

00:09:47idly سفیر نہیں ہے

00:09:49لیکن اپنی آسانی کے لیے

00:09:50ہم کہتے ہیں

00:09:51کہ ارتھ کو سفیریکل سرفیس سے

00:09:53represent کرا دو

00:09:54اب سفیریکل سرفیس سے

00:09:56ارتھ کی جو representation ہے

00:09:58ہم اس کو سفیروائیڈ بھی بولتے ہیں

00:09:59اس کو ellipsوائیڈ بھی بولتے ہیں

00:10:01تو سفیروائیڈ کیا ہے

00:10:03کہ ارتھ کی approximation کے لیے

00:10:05ہم نے ارتھ کو ایک oval

00:10:06سی یا sphere کی shape دے دی

00:10:08اور ہم یہاں پہ فرض یہ کرتے ہیں

00:10:10کہ ارتھ کے اوپر جو equator والی side

00:10:12ہے اس پہ سفیروائیڈ کا

00:10:14major axis ہے اور جو

00:10:16north south کو ایک line ملا رہی ہے

00:10:18ہم لوگ اس کو کہتے ہیں کہ یہ ہمارا

00:10:20minor axis ہے

00:10:21تو سفیروائیڈ میں ایک axis

00:10:24major axis ہوتا ہے اور ایک minor axis

00:10:26ہوتا ہے تو equator والی line کو

00:10:28major axis بولتے ہیں اور جو

00:10:29north south pole کو ملا رہی ہے line اس کو ہم کیا بولتے ہیں

00:10:32کہ یہ minor axis ہے

00:10:35اب ہمیشہ ہم سفیروائیڈ سے بھی

00:10:37ارتھ کو represent نہیں کر سکتے

00:10:38کیونکہ میں نے آپ کو کہا تھا کہ ارتھ کے اوپر

00:10:41ہم لوگ کیا ہے کہ ارتھ کی جو

00:10:43representation ہے وہ جوائیڈ سے

00:10:45زیادہ بہتر طرح سے دکھا سکتے ہیں

00:10:47اب ارتھ reformed shape ہے

00:10:48سفیروائیڈ میں ہم کہہ رہے تھے کہ ارتھ flat ہے

00:10:51لیکن اصل میں تو ارتھ flat نہیں ہے

00:10:52کہیں پہ سمندر ہے اور کہیں پہ پہاڑ

00:10:55ہیں کہیں گہری کھائی ہیں

00:10:56تو ارتھ کے mental یا

00:10:58crust کے وجہ سے زمین کی اوپر

00:11:01irregularities آ رہی ہیں جو gravitational

00:11:03pool کی وجہ سے زمین کی اوپر

00:11:04deformations آ رہی ہیں ان کو

00:11:06consider کرنے کے لیے ہمیں جوائیڈ کی

00:11:08help لینی پڑتی ہے جب ہم جوائیڈ

00:11:10use کرتے ہیں تو یہاں ہمارے لئے آسانی ہوتی ہے

00:11:13کہ ہم features کی

00:11:14height یا depth آسانی سے

00:11:16measure کر سکتے ہیں جبکہ یہ option

00:11:18ہمارے پاس سفیروائیڈ میں نہیں تھا

00:11:20available تو اگر last point پڑھیں

00:11:22تو لکھا ہے کہ جوائیڈ surface

00:11:24is treated as a surface of

00:11:26mean sea level which is important for mirroring

00:11:28the elevations or heights اور یہاں پہ

00:11:30نا سیمھ ہم deformations کو

00:11:31counter کر رہے ہیں بلکہ ہم لوگ heights

00:11:34کو بھی دیکھ رہے ہیں جو ہمیں سفیروائیڈ

00:11:36میں نہیں مل سکتی تھی

00:11:38تو ہوا کیا ہے کہ

00:11:40ارتھ کی approximation

00:11:42کے لیے مختلف agencies نے

00:11:44survey کیے ہوئے ہیں

00:11:46اور ان survey کرنے کے بعد

00:11:48کچھ لوگوں نے اپنے ملکوں کے لیے

00:11:50اپنے اپنے countries کے لیے

00:11:52الگ سے datum بنائے ہوئے ہیں اور کچھ لوگوں

00:11:54نے world کے لیے جو datum بناوا تھا

00:11:56اسی کو ہی اپنے area کے لیے

00:11:58use کیا ہوا ہے

00:11:58تو basically

00:11:59یہ جو datum ہے یہ کیا ہے

00:12:01ایک reference system کا parameter ہے

00:12:04coordinate reference system کا ایک parameter ہے

00:12:06تو datum کیا ہوتا ہے

00:12:08ایک mathematical model ہے

00:12:09ارتھ کا

00:12:10جس کی base پہ ہم لوگ

00:12:12geographic coordinates find کر رہے ہوتے ہیں

00:12:14تو کچھ countries کا

00:12:16اپنا local datum ہے

00:12:18regional datum ہے

00:12:19جیسے Australian geodatic datum ہے

00:12:20Tokyo datum ہے

00:12:21unfortunately ہمارے

00:12:23اپنے country کے لیے کوئی datum نہیں بناوا

00:12:25تو ہم لوگ

00:12:26WGS 1984 کو use کر لیتے ہیں

00:12:29تو US department of defense

00:12:31کی ایک agency ہے

00:12:32ٹھیک ہے US department of defense کی

00:12:34جس کا نام ہے

00:12:35national imagery and mapping agency

00:12:38انہوں نے کیا ہے

00:12:39کہ پورے world کے لیے

00:12:41ایک datum define کر لیا ہے

00:12:42کہ کسی بھی

00:12:43agency کا

00:12:44یا کسی بھی country کا

00:12:45اپنا datum

00:12:46اگر نہیں develop ہوا

00:12:47تو وہ

00:12:48اس WGS کے datum کو

00:12:49use کر کے

00:12:50اپنا کام چلا سکتے ہیں

00:12:51اب اس میں کیا ہے

00:12:52اس datum میں

00:12:53دو پیرامیٹرز ہوتے ہیں

00:12:54ایک primary ہے

00:12:56اور ایک secondary ہے

00:12:57ٹھیک ہے

00:12:57primary parameter میں

00:12:58ہم پہلے یہ دیکھتے ہیں

00:13:00کہ ارتھ کو

00:13:00کس طرح سے define کرنا ہے

00:13:02کس shape سے define کرنا ہے

00:13:04اس کا size کیا رکھنا ہے

00:13:05کیا جوائیڈ سے define کرنا ہے

00:13:07ارتھ کو

00:13:08یا سفیروائیڈ سے

00:13:09ٹھیک ہے

00:13:09اور secondary parameter میں آتا ہے

00:13:11کہ اگر تو

00:13:12local datum بناوا ہے

00:13:13وہ use کر لیں

00:13:14ورنہ آپ

00:13:15اسی datum کو

00:13:16اپنے پورے globe

00:13:17کے لیے ہی use کر لیں

00:13:18تو datum ہوتا کیا ہے

00:13:19basically mathematical model ہے

00:13:21جس کی base پہ

00:13:22ہم لوگ اپنے

00:13:23coordinates کو

00:13:24use کر رہے ہوتے ہیں

00:13:25تو اگر آپ کو

00:13:25یاد ہو

00:13:26WGS 1984 کا datum

00:13:28ہم نے use کیا تھا

00:13:29جب ہم لوگ

00:13:30global positioning system سے

00:13:32مختلف point کے

00:13:32coordinates لے رہے تھے

00:13:34ٹھیک ہے

00:13:34اسی طرح پھر

00:13:35ہمارے جتنے بھی

00:13:36radar ہیں

00:13:37mobile میں جو

00:13:38GPS ہیں

00:13:38وہ بھی

00:13:39by default

00:13:40WGS 1984 کے

00:13:41datum کو

00:13:42use کر رہے ہوتے ہیں

00:13:43تو کیونکہ یہ

00:13:44worldwide standard بناوا ہے

00:13:45اور جو GPS

00:13:46ہم use کر رہے ہیں

00:13:47وہ بھی

00:13:48basically

00:13:48US based positioning system

00:13:50ہی ہے

00:13:50ٹھیک ہے

00:13:51US based positioning system

00:13:52ہے

00:13:52اور یہ جو

00:13:53ہمارا datum ہے

00:13:54WGS 84

00:13:55یہ بھی US based ہے

00:13:57تو ہم لوگ

00:13:57basically

00:13:57GPS کے اندر بھی

00:13:59اسی datum کو ہی

00:14:00incorporate کر رہے ہوتے ہیں

00:14:01لیکن اس کے علاوہ

00:14:02جو موائلز ہیں

00:14:03radar ہیں

00:14:04ٹھیک ہے

00:14:04وہ بھی

00:14:05normally

00:14:05اسی datum کو ہی

00:14:06use کر رہے ہوتے ہیں

00:14:08ٹھیک ہے

00:14:09ویسے GPS سے

00:14:10بنتا کیا تھا

00:14:11آپ نے جو

00:14:12survey میں use کیا ہے

00:14:15GPS کس کا

00:14:16abbreviation

00:14:20exactly

00:14:20GPS

00:14:21global positioning system

00:14:23ٹھیک ہے

00:14:23تو یہ

00:14:24American variant

00:14:24of positioning system

00:14:26ہے

00:14:26اسی کے علاوہ

00:14:27پھر

00:14:27glonars habit

00:14:28مختلف

00:14:29agencies نے

00:14:30اپنے اپنے

00:14:30country کے لیے

00:14:31اپنے اپنے

00:14:32positioning system

00:14:32بنائے ہوئے ہیں

00:14:33لیکن جو

00:14:34ہم use کر رہے تھے

00:14:35وہ US based

00:14:36positioning system

00:14:37ٹھیک ہے

00:14:37اب

00:14:39ایک چیز

00:14:40ہمیں سمجھنے

00:14:41کی ضرورت ہے

00:14:41کہ جب

00:14:41special data

00:14:42کی بات

00:14:43کریں گے

00:14:43نا

00:14:43اس کی

00:14:44worth

00:14:44اور value

00:14:45تب ہی ہے

00:14:46جب وہ

00:14:46specially

00:14:47reference

00:14:47ہو

00:14:47اس کو

00:14:48کوئی

00:14:48coordinate

00:14:49کا reference

00:14:49system

00:14:50assign

00:14:50ہوا

00:14:50ہو

00:14:50اگر وہ

00:14:51assign

00:14:51نہیں

00:14:52ہوا

00:14:52ہوگا

00:14:52اور

00:14:53آپ

00:14:53ArcGIS

00:14:54میں

00:14:54کوئی بھی

00:14:54image

00:14:55add

00:14:55کریں گے

00:14:55کسی

00:14:55ساوٹو میں

00:14:56وہ کہے گا

00:14:56کہ اس کا

00:14:57reference

00:14:57assign

00:14:57ہی نہیں

00:14:58ہوا

00:14:58اس کو

00:14:59میں

00:14:59کہاں

00:14:59پر دکھاؤ

00:15:00مطلب

00:15:00ایک

00:15:01اسلامباد

00:15:01کا image

00:15:02تھا

00:15:02google map

00:15:03اسلامباد

00:15:03لکھنے سے

00:15:04آپ کو

00:15:04واقعی

00:15:04اسلامباد

00:15:05کی

00:15:05boundary

00:15:05نظر آنا

00:15:06شروع

00:15:06ہو جاتی ہے

00:15:06لیکن

00:15:07اگر

00:15:07راستر

00:15:08جو image

00:15:08ہے

00:15:09میرے پاس

00:15:09پرانا

00:15:10map

00:15:10تھا

00:15:10کہیں

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00:26:37ان

00:26:38کا

00:26:38یہ

00:26:38جو

00:26:38میش

00:26:38بن

00:26:39رہا

00:26:39ہے

00:26:39اس

00:26:39کو

00:26:40کیا

00:26:40بولتے

00:26:40ہیں

00:26:40گریٹی

00:26:41کیول

00:26:41ٹھیک

00:26:41ہے

00:26:42ان

00:26:42میش

00:26:42کو

00:26:43کیا

00:26:43بولتے

00:26:43ہیں

00:26:44گریٹی

00:26:44کیول

00:26:45سمجھا گئی

00:26:46یہ

00:26:46بات

00:26:46تو

00:26:47لائن

00:26:47آف

00:26:47لائن

00:26:49آف

00:26:50لائن

00:26:50کھڑی

00:26:51ہوئی

00:26:51لائن

00:26:51ہوں

00:26:51گی

00:26:52ٹھیک

00:26:52ورٹیکل

00:26:52لائن

00:26:53کو

00:26:53ہم

00:26:53لائن

00:26:53آف

00:26:53لائن

00:26:54لائن

00:26:54آف

00:26:54لائن

00:26:54آف

00:26:55لائن

00:26:56آف

00:26:57آف

00:26:58لائن

00:26:59آف

00:27:00آف

00:27:02آف

00:27:05آف

00:27:11آف

00:27:12لائن

00:27:12آف

00:27:12لائن

00:27:12آف

00:27:13لائن

00:27:13آف

00:27:14لائن

00:27:15آف

00:27:17آف

00:27:18سمجھا گئی

00:27:21یہ بات

00:27:21یہ

00:27:26دیکھتے ہیں

00:27:28اگر

00:27:29یہاں پہ

00:27:30یہ

00:27:30میرا

00:27:32آرہا

00:27:33یہ

00:27:37دیکھ

00:27:38یہ

00:27:38میرا

00:27:39ہاتھ

00:27:39آرہ

00:27:40ہے

00:27:40If I have angle find it, one angle will be latitude and one angle will be longitude

00:27:47If I have a vertical angle, I have a vertical angle and a longitude angle will be horizontal

00:27:56So this angle is 45 degree and one angle is 55 degree

00:28:01Equator is 50 degree? North is 55

00:28:06And from prime meridian to westward is 45

00:28:09So I have to tell you how latitude and longitude is longitude

00:28:16Now lines of latitude is not asked, lines of latitude is clear

00:28:20Lines of latitude is horizontal line and longitude is vertical line

00:28:25Latitude and longitude is angle, one angle will be vertical, one angle will be horizontal, one angle will be horizontal,

00:28:31one angle will be horizontal

00:28:34So that you will have to tell me how latitude and longitude will be horizontal

00:28:41And from there, two angle will be horizontal, one angle will be horizontal

00:28:44One angle is 45 and one angle is 55

00:28:45So tell me that it is, which will be latitude and longitude will be horizontal

00:28:51And which will be longitude will be horizontal

00:28:52Thank you very much.

00:29:22Thank you very much.

00:30:21Thank you very much.

00:30:22Thank you very much.

00:31:01Thank you very much.

00:31:23Thank you very much.

00:31:56Thank you very much.

00:32:46Thank you very much.

00:32:52Thank you very much.

00:33:43Thank you very much.

00:34:00Thank you very much.

00:34:28Thank you very much.

00:41:02So,

00:41:07You help me none.

00:41:09You are looking for value for you.

00:41:20For me,

00:41:24my mouse is.

00:41:33sir x value hundred something

00:41:36and y 400 something

00:41:39exactly

00:41:40hundred to be more than one

00:41:42and where you will be more than one

00:41:44so you have this right

00:41:46so we have a map

00:41:48which is on the map grid

00:41:50and there are some maps

00:41:52which is where you can see

00:41:54and this is where you can see

00:41:55simultaneously display

00:41:56and you can see a revision

00:41:57so you have to say

00:42:00projection what is going to be

00:42:02basically earth's curved surface

00:42:05flat piece of paper

00:42:07present on this process

00:42:10or this technique

00:42:11projection

00:42:13this is the way

00:42:14that if I go to a light source

00:42:17then my ground

00:42:18is going to be my projection

00:42:22now for example

00:42:25light source

00:42:54what is the way

00:42:56is a hundred of projections.

00:42:59It has been a lot of projections.

00:43:01And there are some problems.

00:43:05And why are they?

00:43:07It is a way to say that

00:43:09if you can see the light source of light,

00:43:10you can see the light source of light source.

00:43:14And the light source of light source of light source

00:43:16will create a different features.

00:43:19It is a way to create a projection.

00:43:50video.

00:43:52So one thing can be easy to define, but the other thing can be distorted.

00:43:59At that time, we can see the projections of the features of the projections.

00:44:06Let's say, my work is that I want to see the navigation of the sea.

00:44:11I want to navigate the ocean.

00:44:13The projection is different.

00:44:18If I want to land navigation, there will be different projections.

00:44:24It depends on what type and purpose you are using.

00:44:29Now, these are different types of projections.

00:44:33We can group them either on the property or on the projection surface.

00:44:38Do you understand?

00:44:40Basically, the projections are two different categories of the map.

00:44:47The property, which is preserved, is defined.

00:44:53Or, there will be a projection surface, which will be a projection.

00:44:57So, the preserved property of the base, which is defined.

00:45:01There are four sections of projections.

00:45:05One is a conformal, equal area, or equidistance.

00:45:09Equivalent, then equidistance.

00:45:11Then equidistance is an azimuthal projection.

00:45:13Azimuthal or true direction is an azimuthal projection.

00:45:17Now, let's see.

00:45:19Conformal projection is a conformal projection.

00:45:21Conformal projection is an angle and shape preserve.

00:45:26Equal area is an area.

00:45:30So, this is the exact area.

00:45:33If you talk about equidistance,

00:45:35then you have a consistency along certain lines.

00:45:41So, if you talk about azimuthal projection,

00:45:44then accurately, you have to preserve the directions.

00:45:49So, now, in 4, we can preserve one.

00:45:53So, if you want to preserve the area,

00:45:56we can maintain the direction.

00:45:58This depends on how our objective is.

00:46:01Now, if we have to say that,

00:46:03if we have to see navigation,

00:46:06then we can see which projections

00:46:07where we need to go.

00:46:09So, if we have to navigate the ocean,

00:46:11then we can navigate the direction.

00:46:14So, do you think this projection system

00:46:18will be helpful to see navigation

00:46:19or ocean?

00:46:21So, how do we navigate the direction?

00:46:23Sir, this is azimuthal.

00:46:29Yeah.

00:46:29Azimuthal,

00:46:30because we have directions

00:46:31are more accurate.

00:46:33So, this property

00:46:34or this projection system

00:46:35is more helpful.

00:46:37Okay?

00:46:39Now, we have to see that

00:46:40we have preserved property

00:46:42based on projections

00:46:43defined.

00:46:44Now, if we have projection surface

00:46:46based on projections

00:46:47defined.

00:46:48Okay?

00:46:49So, we have basically

00:46:50two basic elements

00:46:51to see.

00:46:51One geometric object

00:46:53and one reference globe.

00:46:55Right?

00:46:55here.

00:46:56Now, we have to see that

00:46:57we have to see.

00:46:58Now, let's see.

00:47:02Let's see.

00:47:03Let's see.

00:47:24Let's see.

00:47:30Let's see.

00:47:36Let's see.

00:47:49Let's see.

00:48:00Let's see.

00:48:02Let's see.

00:48:03Let's see.

00:48:04sequence case

00:48:04to be a second case

00:48:07to be a second case

00:48:07in reference globe

00:48:08which you have two points

00:48:11intersect.

00:48:12You can see here?

00:48:18You can see here.

00:48:20You can see here.

00:48:22If you have to see.

00:48:23Let's see.

00:48:24Let's see.

00:48:25Let's see.

00:48:26Let's see.

00:48:27Let's see.

00:48:29Go.

00:48:30Go.

00:48:34map projection की दो basic categories है या तो preserved property की based

00:48:38map projections बनाएं ठीक है अगर preserved property की based

00:48:42map projection बनाते हैं तो चार मैंने एक projection बताएं थी

00:48:45conformal, equal area, equidistant और azimethal लेकिन अगर आप map

00:48:50projection based on reference surface बना रहे हैं तो आपको दो

00:48:54चीज़ें चाहिए होती है एक होता है आपको reference

00:48:56surface ठीक है और एक geometric object अब यहां पर मैंने आपको

00:49:01यह समझाया है कि तीन तरह के reference surfaces है एक तो

00:49:04हो गया cone cylinder और आपका plane सही है अब अगर यह तीनों

00:49:10surfaces अर्थ को एक जगह पर touch करें एक point के उपर touch करें तो

00:49:14क्या चीज़ बन जाती हमारे पास tangent case बन जाता है जैसे

00:49:18को देखें तो एक point पर touch कर रहा है और cone को देखें तो इस reference

00:49:23globe को दो side से एक-एक point पर touch कर रहा है लेकिन cylinder को देखें तो

00:49:28भी यही काम कर रहा है कि reference globe को दो-दो points दो sides

00:49:34पर एक-एक point से touch कर रहा है लेकिन यह assume करें कि हम लोग इन surfaces को

00:49:40जमीन के अंदर काटते हुए साथ में से ले चलते हैं सही है जैसे यहां पर है आप अब यह

00:49:46glow जमीन

00:49:47चोटी है बीच में से और यह हमारे पास surfaces बड़े हैं और यह क्या कर रहे हैं उनको काटते

00:49:53हुए

00:49:53गुजर रहे हैं अब azimethal projection system को देखिए यहां पर क्या हो रहा है कि यह जो surface

00:49:59है उपर वाली जिसको हमने plane बोलावा था यह जमीन को काटती हुए गुजर रही है अब इस केस को

00:50:06बोलेंगे

00:50:06सीकेंट केस और सीकेंट केस क्यों बोलेंगे क्योंकि वह surface basically reference globe को दो points पे

00:50:13intersect कर रही है एक यहां पर और एक यहां पर यानि एक से ज्यादा points पर अगर आपका reference

00:50:19surface कट करता हुआ चल रहा है तो हम लोग बोलते हैं कि यह second case है लेकिन अगर वो

00:50:24एक point पर cut कर रहा है जैसे यहां पर एक point पर cut कर रहा है यह भी दोनों

00:50:29side से globe को

00:50:30एक-एक point पर cut कर रहा है यह cylinder भी reference globe को दोनों side से

00:50:33एक-एक point पर cut कर रहा है हम लोग इसको बोलते हैं कि यह tangent case है

00:50:38समझा गया तो second case और tangent case में फर्क क्या है कि वो आपकी जो reference surface है वो

00:50:44globe को

00:50:45तो यह तो एक point पर cut कर रही होगी यह एक से ज्यादा point पर cut कर रही होगी

00:50:49अगर वो reference globe को

00:50:51दो point से intersect करता है reference surface आपका तो हम कहते हैं second case है लेकिन अगर वो

00:50:56दो point से cut नहीं करता आपका reference surface आपकी reference globe को और एक point पर cut कर रहा

00:51:01होता है तो हम कहते हैं कि

00:51:02a point

00:51:03because you touch

00:51:04your surface

00:51:05so we say

00:51:06that this tangent

00:51:07side

00:51:08tangent case

00:51:10sorry

00:51:11okay

00:51:14okay

00:51:15okay

00:51:16okay

00:51:16now

00:51:16I have to

00:51:20theoretically define

00:51:21that

00:51:22if the surface

00:51:23that is chosen

00:51:24is to be

00:51:25secant

00:51:25intersect the

00:51:27horizontal reference

00:51:27surface

00:51:28then we say

00:51:28that secant

00:51:29case

00:51:29is

00:51:31intersected

00:51:32along

00:51:32one close

00:51:33line

00:51:33on the plane

00:51:34or two close

00:51:35line

00:51:35on the

00:51:35corner

00:51:36cylinder

00:51:36here

00:51:37here

00:51:38here

00:51:38close

00:51:39line

00:51:39here

00:51:39because

00:51:40this

00:51:41surface

00:51:42reference

00:51:42globe

00:51:42is cut

00:51:43so

00:51:44one

00:51:44close

00:51:45line

00:51:45here

00:51:46here

00:51:47here

00:51:49two

00:51:49close

00:51:50line

00:51:50here

00:51:50if you

00:51:51see

00:51:51one

00:51:52above

00:51:53and one

00:51:54lower

00:51:54and one

00:51:54side

00:51:54here

00:51:57and

00:51:58in

00:51:58cylindrical

00:51:59case

00:52:13here

00:52:18is

00:52:19in

00:52:22case

00:52:23case

00:52:25along two close line case of cone and cylinder.

00:52:28So, here is a close line.

00:52:30If we talk about azimuthal projection and cone side, sorry plane,

00:52:35and if we talk about cone or cylinder,

00:52:39these two close lines along your Earth.

00:52:43Second case.

00:52:44Is it correct?

00:52:48Okay, it's okay.

00:52:50Okay, let's hold one second.

00:52:59Okay.

00:53:01Basically, what is the sequence of surfaces?

00:53:03What is the accuracy of our data set?

00:53:08Right.

00:53:09If we look at this,

00:53:12if we look at this,

00:53:14if we look at this,

00:53:15if we look at this,

00:53:17if we look at this,

00:53:22we look at this,

00:53:28this is the same thing.

00:53:32We look at this.

00:53:47can surfaces کی case میں کیا ہے کہ ہمارے پاس جو errors

00:53:52آ رہے ہوتے ہیں جو ہمارے پاس differences آ رہے ہوتے ہیں

00:53:55ہماری actual location میں اور جو projection کی base پہ

00:53:59ہماری location بن رہی ہے وہ basically reduce out ہو جاتی ہے

00:54:03distorted اتنی نہیں ہوتی کن جگہوں پہ line of intersection

00:54:07کے اوپر صحیح ہے line of intersection کے اوپر ہماری

00:54:12accuracy آ جاتی ہے تو اگر ہمیں certain line یا point

00:54:16پہ accuracy چاہیے تو وہ کیا use کریں گے ہم secant

00:54:20projection کو use کریں گے اس سے فائدہ کیا ہوگا کہ اگر

00:54:23ہماری required property ایک specific line پہ preserve کرنی ہے

00:54:26تو وہ preserve ہو جائے گی اور میں نے آپ کو اس طرح سے

00:54:29سمجھایا کہ جیسے آپ کی اور sun کی relative movement کی

00:54:34وجہ سے کہیں سایہ بڑا ہو جاتا ہے اور کہیں چھوٹا ہو

00:54:36جاتا ہے اب ایک direction تو کم از کم ایسی ہوگی نا جس کے

00:54:40اوپر میرا سایہ میری exact height کے برابر بنے گا اور light

00:54:44source کے قریب یا دور ہونے سے یہ سایہ اتنا چھوٹا یا

00:54:47زیادہ آ جائے گا تو وہ ایک ایسی certain line ہوتی ہے وہ

00:54:51کونسی line ہوتی ہے وہ line of intersection ہوتی ہے جو

00:54:54ہماری secant case میں آ رہی ہوتی ہے اس جگہ کے اوپر ہماری

00:54:58accuracy location کی زیادہ آ جاتی ہے as compared to tangent case تو

00:55:04second case ہمارے لئے زیادہ beneficial ہے along certain lines

00:55:08جہاں پہ ہمیں اپنی accuracy چاہیے ہوتی ہے ٹھیک ہے اب جو ہم نے

00:55:13geometric objects دیکھے تھے وہ team تھے ایک cylinder تھا ایک

00:55:17kون تھا اور ایک plane تھا ان کی جو placement ہوتی ہے ہم اس کو

00:55:22کہتے ہیں کہ aspect ہے ٹھیک ہے اس کو اگر میں یہاں پہ دکھاؤ نا

00:55:26sorry اس جگہ کے اوپر اس slide کے اوپر تو آپ کو زیادہ clear ہوگا میں

00:55:33He has said that geometric object can be placed horizontally, vertical, or oblique way.

00:55:39This is the aspect.

00:55:42If we have a pole on our object, then this is a polar case.

00:55:50But if we have a equator on a point on our plane, then equatorial is our case.

00:56:12The polar aspect is the plane, which is a polar case.

00:56:16It's the depth of our object.

00:56:16The aspect of the object I chose.

00:56:20On the opposite direction, the equatorial aspect is the plane,

00:56:25plane

00:56:26which is blue color

00:56:28which is a plane

00:56:29I have said that equator

00:56:32equator

00:56:33tangent wise

00:56:35if we place the plane

00:56:37then equatorial aspect

00:56:39and here is cylindrical aspect

00:56:42now this is normal

00:56:44this is the transverse

00:56:46and this oblique

00:56:48on top of the plane

00:56:50then we see who did it

00:56:52and now we use the cylinder

00:56:53this is normal case

00:56:56then transverse

00:56:57and then oblique

00:57:00we see the objects

00:57:03basically orientation

00:57:05which is the placement of objects

00:57:09which is the aspect

00:57:11when we see the projections

00:57:15there are different parameters

00:57:17like standard line

00:57:20then central line

00:57:21principle scale

00:57:23scale factor

00:57:24then false

00:57:25so we discuss them

00:57:26one by one

00:57:27I will explain

00:57:29a general summary

00:57:31that tangent line

00:57:33which is basically

00:57:35your projection surface

00:57:37and reference globe

00:57:41which is a tangent line

00:57:48that is formed by projection surface

00:57:52over the reference globe

00:58:20which is the

00:58:24globe can be made.

00:58:26I will show you here.

00:58:30One second.

00:58:31Here.

00:58:32What I have done here?

00:58:37Earth will wrap one.

00:58:40Earth will wrap one.

00:58:43Earth will wrap one.

00:58:46The geometric object is

00:58:48and the reference globe.

00:58:50The perfect globe is

00:58:50the same page of the globe.

00:58:52That is the same page.

00:58:54The same page that will show you here.

00:58:59We will explain

00:59:00if it is a line

00:59:02which is the same page.

00:59:04It is a tangent line.

00:59:09This is a tight line

00:59:10between the globe wherever it is.

00:59:14Earth will cross the globe.

00:59:15So in the second case

00:59:17Earth will cut out

00:59:18is a tangent line formed by projection surface over the reference globe.

00:59:29Projection surface koon sī ho gõhi?

00:59:31Kone.

00:59:32Reference globe koon sā ho gõhi?

00:59:33Earth.

00:59:34Kone or earth ke bīc jow tangent line binde raha ہے,

00:59:38usko haom log standard line bola te hain.

00:59:40Thik hai?

00:59:41Standard line ab 2 tarda ki ho sakti hai.

00:59:43Cone ke kes mein ek standard line ho ga ga.

00:59:45Thik hai?

00:59:46and in secant case, there will be two standard lines here.

00:59:50Secant case, there will be two standard lines.

00:59:52One up and one down.

00:59:55But in tangent case, tangent what happens?

00:59:58Because it touches one point on earth.

01:00:01So here in tangent case,

01:00:05there will be one standard line

01:00:07and secant case,

01:00:09there will be two standard lines.

01:00:11Is this clear?

01:00:16Yes sir.

01:00:17Okay.

01:00:18Tangent line is a line formed by projection surface over the reference globe.

01:00:23For the case of cone,

01:00:25for the case of cone for tangent,

01:00:28we will have one standard line

01:00:30and for the case of cone for secant,

01:00:32we will have two basically standard lines.

01:00:36That's right.

01:00:37I have explained this here.

01:00:41Standard line refers to line of tangency between the projection surface

01:00:45or reference globe.

01:00:47For cylindrical or conic projections,

01:00:50the tangent case will have one standard line.

01:00:53Whereas in case of secant case,

01:00:55we will have two standard lines.

01:01:19So if the standard line is following the parallel,

01:01:23then it will be the parallel.

01:01:25So if the standard line is following the parallel,

01:01:27then we will follow the parallel.

01:01:28Then we will have two standard meridian.

01:01:31Then we will have two standard meridian.

01:01:31And parallel and meridian here,

01:01:33you can see here.

01:01:35So parallel is line of latitude

01:01:38And meridian is line of longitude.

01:01:55They will have two sólo dots.

01:01:58The other letters of horizontal largest

01:02:00so line defining the center of map projection is called central line.

01:02:23principle scale

01:02:24principle scale

01:02:26conventional scale

01:02:27conventional scale

01:02:29map distance

01:02:30to ground distance

01:02:31ratio

01:02:32but

01:02:33if we

01:02:35globe

01:02:36represent

01:02:37the

01:02:38globe

01:02:39impossible

01:02:41so we

01:02:41can do a ratio

01:02:42and we

01:02:44ratio

01:02:44what do

01:02:45basically

01:02:45earth

01:02:46radius

01:02:47and globe

01:02:48radius

01:02:48which

01:02:49we

01:02:49represent

01:02:50scale

01:02:50to represent

01:02:51to

01:02:51earth

01:02:52radius

01:02:536378

01:02:54and

01:02:566378

01:02:57kilometer

01:02:57is

01:02:59this

01:03:00earth

01:03:00to present

01:03:01to

01:03:02you

01:03:02can do

01:03:03how big

01:03:03globe

01:03:03you

01:03:04can do

01:03:0512 inches

01:03:06or 10 inches

01:03:07or 10 inches

01:03:07of globe

01:03:08you

01:03:08can do

01:03:09ratio

01:03:09what do

01:03:12say

01:03:13principle

01:03:13scale

01:03:14principle

01:03:15scale

01:03:15defines

01:03:16the ratio

01:03:17between

01:03:17the earth

01:03:18surface

01:03:18and the

01:03:19globe

01:03:19surface

01:03:20earth

01:03:21jitni

01:03:21surface

01:03:22dkhanne

01:03:23ke liye

01:03:23hemne

01:03:23kitna

01:03:24bada

01:03:24globe

01:03:24rakhna

01:03:25hai

01:03:2512 inch

01:03:26ka

01:03:266 inch

01:03:27ka

01:03:27dkye

01:03:27na globe

01:03:28aapne

01:03:29me

01:03:29kuhin

01:03:29dkye

01:03:29ho

01:03:29kuch

01:03:30bade

01:03:30ho

01:03:30tain

01:03:30kuch

01:03:30chot

01:03:31ho

01:03:31tain

01:03:31ab

01:03:32earth

01:03:33ki

01:03:33radius

01:03:34or

01:03:34us

01:03:35globe

01:03:35ki

01:03:35radius

01:03:35ki

01:03:36ratio

01:03:36ho

01:03:36gye

01:03:37na

01:03:37wu

01:03:37kya

01:03:37bolet

01:03:38ge

01:03:38em

01:03:38loge

01:03:38us

01:03:38ko

01:03:38principle

01:03:39scale

01:03:40bolet

01:03:43aapne

01:03:43yahaan

01:03:44pere

01:03:44likha

01:03:44aapne

01:03:44ki

01:03:44ager

01:03:45globe

01:03:46ka

01:03:46radius

01:03:4612 inch

01:03:47ka

01:03:47globe

01:03:48ka

01:03:49radius

01:03:4912 inch

01:03:50ka

01:03:50to

01:03:50humare

01:03:51calculation

01:03:52ke

01:03:52mtabik

01:03:53principle

01:03:54scale

01:03:54kya

01:03:54bane

01:03:55gha

01:03:55one

01:03:55ratio

01:03:56seventeen

01:03:56thousand

01:03:57forty

01:03:58three

01:03:58hundred

01:03:58thirty

01:03:59seven

01:03:59once

01:04:00one

01:04:00ratio

01:04:01seventeen

01:04:02four

01:04:02three

01:04:02seven

01:04:03sixty

01:04:03six

01:04:04km

01:04:04sahih

01:04:05ager

01:04:0612 inch

01:04:07ka

01:04:07humare

01:04:07globe

01:04:08huwa

01:04:08to

01:04:09principle

01:04:09scale

01:04:09basically

01:04:10ye

01:04:10bantah

01:04:11or

01:04:11ye

01:04:11kaise

01:04:12bantah

01:04:12is

01:04:13kya

01:04:14calculation

01:04:15lick

01:04:16sa

01:04:16lick

01:04:17bode

01:04:17to

01:04:17nai

01:04:18hai

01:04:18to

01:04:18us

01:04:19ke

01:04:19liye

01:04:19pher

01:04:19may

01:04:19apko

01:04:20ya

01:04:20ha

01:04:20pher

01:04:20sa

01:04:22detail

01:04:22may

01:04:23apko

01:04:23ye

01:04:23excel

01:04:24kuch

01:04:24nazara

01:04:24raha

01:04:26abhi

01:04:28jie

01:04:28sir

01:04:29ha

01:04:29ye

01:04:30kuch

01:04:30calculation

01:04:30c

01:04:31me

01:04:31nai

01:04:31lkhi

01:04:32ho

01:04:32he

01:04:32to

01:04:33is

01:04:33ko

01:04:34dhe

01:04:34kya

01:04:36hai

01:04:36me

01:04:36kya

01:04:37hai

01:04:37six

01:04:37thousand

01:04:38thirty

01:04:38seven

01:04:39six

01:04:39three

01:04:40seven

01:04:40eight

01:04:40kilometer

01:04:41so

01:04:41ye

01:04:42to

01:04:42o

01:04:42gya

01:04:42earth

01:04:42ka radius

01:04:44ab

01:04:45globe

01:04:45ka radius

01:04:45kitna

01:04:46tha

01:04:46us

01:04:47question

01:04:47me

01:04:47آپ

01:04:48ko

01:04:48bata

01:04:48ta

01:04:48globe

01:04:48ka

01:04:49radius

01:04:49hai

01:04:49amare

01:04:49paas

01:04:5112 inch

01:04:52صحیح

01:04:52hai

01:04:5212 inch

01:04:53ager

01:04:54aap

01:04:54nai ratio

01:04:55nikali

01:04:55hai

01:04:55to unit

01:04:56consistent

01:04:56karne

01:04:57pardengue

01:04:57so

01:04:58is

01:04:58ka

01:04:58mtlb

01:04:58ye

01:04:59huwa

01:04:59kya

01:05:00globe

01:05:00ka

01:05:01radius

01:05:01hai

01:05:01is

01:05:01kylometer

01:05:02me

01:05:02convert

01:05:03kya

01:05:03so

01:05:321 inch

01:05:34So, my value has been.

01:05:35So, basically, I have to convert globe radius into the square.

01:05:42Then I have to say that.

01:05:44Now, I have to say that.

01:05:45Earth is also a radius.

01:05:48Kilometer.

01:05:48And globe is also a radius.

01:05:51Kilometer.

01:05:52Now, principle scale is what was called.

01:05:53Earth is divided by globe radius.

01:05:56So, I have to say that.

01:05:57Earth is divided by globe radius.

01:05:59Now, what is the radius?

01:06:00Earth is what was called.

01:06:03Earth radius is what was called.

01:06:046, 3, 7, 8.

01:06:06So, globe radius kilometer in the square.

01:06:10This is the value.

01:06:11Kilometer in the square.

01:06:13So, I have to divide this.

01:06:15So, I have to divide this.

01:06:166, 3, 6, 3, 7, 8.

01:06:21Divide by.

01:06:22So, I have to divide this.

01:06:26So, I have to divide this.

01:06:29So, I have to divide this.

01:06:30So, this is the value.

01:06:32This value here.

01:06:33Which basically.

01:06:34Which is the blue cell.準備

01:06:36divided by red.del.

01:06:37Earth radius

01:06:38divided by globe radius. Minion

01:06:40would say not. What is

01:06:42the value here. What the

01:06:42seven, four, three. Seven,

01:06:44double, six. यहां.

01:06:45show you una SS fortla.

01:06:48Four, three, seven, double

01:06:49six. State 4. And 76. DAY

01:06:5417, 4,

01:06:5637. And

01:06:5766. 28. So, with the

01:06:58same value.

01:06:59That also.

01:07:00summary.

01:07:00Now we have a little exercise that we have to calculate the principle scale for the globe radius of 10

01:07:10inches.

01:07:11I have to calculate 12 inches here.

01:07:15So we have to follow the same technique.

01:07:18So we have to follow me.

01:07:19And I have to tell you that the principle scale is 1 ratio, 1, 7, 4, 3, 7, 6, 6.

01:07:28Okay.

01:07:29Now we have to calculate the globe radius of 12 inches.

01:07:35Do you understand the question?

01:07:43Yes sir.

01:07:44Yes sir.

01:07:45Yes sir.

01:07:47Then tell me what you have to tell me.

01:07:49What value is that?

01:07:52If we have 10 inches in the globe radius of 10 inches,

01:07:57what value is that?

01:07:58What value is that?

01:08:00Yes sir.

01:08:38Sir 2094581.

01:08:432 0 9 4 5 8 9 4 5 5 8 1 1 1 ratio 2 0 9 4 5

01:08:598 1

01:09:00यह बता रहे है आप ठेक है यह पिचे कर लेते हैं जी सर मेरी पीस क्या स्पास ही आ

01:09:06रही है

01:09:072 0 9 25 इसना करके आ रही है सर मेरी जी सर मेरी भी हाँ तो तकरीब अट करीबन

01:09:15चुए मैंने साथ dacimal places के साथ value ली थी यानि के

01:09:19point के बाद 7 decimal places तक value लीनी है तो इस वजह से

01:09:23यहाँ पे थोड़ा सा मेरे पास यह figure बन रहा है और

01:09:28आपके पास स्याइद यह बन रहा है लेकिन फिर भी अगर

01:09:30कोशिश की ज़िए साथ decimal places तक अगर लेकर चलें तो

01:09:34आपके पास यहाँ पे तो इसका तरीका क्या है कि

01:09:37Excel की sheet बना लें simple आप यहाँ पे value plugin करते जाएं

01:09:40और आपको वो total change होता जाएगा तो एक यह जनरल से

01:09:43exercise थी simply आपने क्या किया था आपने simply 10

01:09:46inch को पहले convert कर लिया होगा kilometer में फिर आपने

01:09:50इस same value को divide किया था जो earth का radius था और उससे

01:09:54आपके पास principle scale मिल गया तो principle scale

01:09:57बताता क्या है कि आपने अर्थ के globe का size कितना रखना है ठीक है और

01:10:01उसकी ratio क्या होगे अब चलते है scale factor की तरफ तो scale

01:10:06factor और भी आसान है यह क्या कहता है कि आपने local scale और principle

01:10:11scale के बीच क्या ratio रखनी है ठीक है अगर हम लोग basically

01:10:15standard line के करीब होना तो हमारी क्या होती है accuracy

01:10:18आजाती है लेकिन standard line से दूर या करीब आने से सेंटर

01:10:23line के exactly उपर आने पर हमारे पास accuracy होती है और ट्रावल

01:10:27over the standard line हमारे पास location की accuracy मिलेगे लेकिन

01:10:31अगर हम लोग standard line से दूर हो जाएं या करीब आ जाएं तो आपकी

01:10:36accuracy में compromise आना शुरू हो जाता है तो scale factor आपको बताया यह क्या है

01:10:41it is the ratio between the local scale and principal scale और principal scale क्या होता था

01:10:47earth radius divided by globe radius सही है तो scale factor one होता है standard

01:10:53line के उपर लेकिन standard line से करीब या दूर जाते हुए scale factor कम या

01:10:58ज्यादा हो जाता है और हम कहते हैं कि अभी scale factor आपका scale factor

01:11:04one से कम होने से या one से बढ़ जाने से आपकी location की accuracy

01:11:10compromise हो जाती है फिर हम चलते हैं false listing और northern की तरफ इसको भी

01:11:16इस figure से ज़रा देखना आसान है basically जब हमने Cartesian coordinate system

01:11:20पढ़ा था तो उस वक्त कितने quadrant थे हमारे पास चार सही है चार coordinate system

01:11:26लेकिन अगर हम यह चाहते हैं कि हमारे पास सारे के सारे values x और y की positive आशिक हो

01:11:32जाए तो origin से हम लोग

01:11:34basically जो original coordinate system का origin था उससे अपनी तरफ से खुद ही x और y value मजीद बढ़ा

01:11:40देते हैं

01:11:52मैं मजीद x और y में बढ़ा के अपना origin यहां पे रख लूँ तो मेरे पास तो सारी value

01:11:57पे positive यह आना शुरू हो जाएंगे

01:11:59तो हमने जब utm या universal transfer marketer system देखना होता है

01:12:03तो हम original coordinate system को basically उसके अंदर कुछ x और y value बढ़ा देते हैं

01:12:10x में easting आता है y में northern आता है

01:12:13चुकि हम लोग अपनी तरफ से बढ़ा रहे होते हैं ताकि हमारे पर सारे coordinates positive आ जाएं तो हम

01:12:18लोग इसको बोलते हैं कि यह false इस्टिंग या false northern है

01:12:22ठीक है अब चलते है projection की different commonly types की तरफ और वो कौन कौन सी हैं

01:12:27यहां पर यह शोई ही है ठीक है एक transverse marketer system है

01:12:32लेंबर्ट कन्फॉर्मल, अलबर्ट एरिया, इक्विडिस्टेंट, यूनिवर्सल ट्रांस्वर्मर्केट, यह different projection system बेस करता है कि आपने किस तरह का analysis

01:12:41करना है

01:12:42जो worldwide use होता है वो UTM coordinate system होता है और हमने GPS जब use किया था तो हमने

01:12:48UTM 43 देखा भी था

01:12:50तो basically क्या है कि अर्थ 360 डिगरी की है तो हम लोग उसके 6 डिगरी के interval से 60

01:12:59zone define कर देते हैं जिनको 1 से 60 तक की numbering दे देते हैं

01:13:03तो यह चे 6 डिगरी की strips बनेंगी ठीक है वो इतनी चोटी हो जाती है कि उसमें अगर कोई

01:13:09inaccuracy आ भी रही है तो वो भी negligible हो जाती है

01:13:12तो universal transverse marketer system में basically cylinder use हो रहा होता है, second को follow कर रहे होते हैं

01:13:19और horizontal reference system की base पर यह चीज़ें डिफाइन होती है

01:13:23और यह worldwide accepted है कि अगर किसी country का अपना projection system नहीं use हुआ वा जैसे पाकिस्तान के

01:13:29लिए

01:13:29तो हम लोग फिर इसी UTM zone को ही follow कर लेते हैं अगर इसको मजीद zoom करके देखिए तो

01:13:35यह हमारे पास different zones हैं इसी की एक presentation में आपको यहाँ पर दिखा देता हूँ

01:13:40तो मेरे पास यहाँ पर देखिए administrative boundaries हैं ठीक है जैसे मैंने यह red में बलके मैं यहाँ पर

01:13:48दिखा देता हूँ

01:13:59कर रहा हूं सही है तो यह मैंने क्या किया कि मेरे पास basically मैं अगर इन की follow कर

01:14:05देता हूँ अब मेरे पास देखिए यह मेरे पास कितने zones आ गये हैं मेरे पास UTM के 4 zones

01:14:13आ गये हैं ठीक है कितने zone जा गये है चार zone जा गये है

01:14:161 41 is

01:14:18If I want to add this label

01:14:20What do I want to do

01:14:22Here I want to add this label

01:14:24I want to add this label

01:14:25And I want to add this label

01:14:27So I want to tell you

01:14:28Pakistan to cover for

01:14:30How many zones define

01:14:32How many zones are

01:14:344 zones

01:14:3741, 42, 43

01:14:39And 44

01:14:40Let's say I want to do this area

01:14:42I want to do this area

01:14:43And I want to do this area

01:14:46Like this area

01:14:49This area

01:14:50This area is where I want to show

01:14:52This area is where I want to do it

01:14:54Where do I want to do it

01:14:5541, 42, 43

01:14:57This is the dash portion

01:14:5943

01:15:00If I want to do it

01:15:03This area is right click

01:15:05Properties

01:15:06Right click

01:15:07Properties

01:15:08Source

01:15:09Here is a geographic coordinate system

01:15:12GCS

01:15:16And I want to do this area

01:15:26And I want to do this area

01:15:29And I want to do this area

01:15:43And I want to do this area

01:15:49And I want to do this area

01:15:53And I want to do this area

01:16:13I want to do this area

01:16:19And I want to do this area

01:16:34Which is the vertical area

01:16:43is let's say I have to write down UTM 43 or 7 selected districts selected districts

01:16:53or it's going to save it out put this coordinate system

01:16:56I want to see here I have to define this option to look at my area where

01:17:03it is for 43rd zone I have 43rd zone define and ok

01:17:08I have to do this process complete after this I have to add to it

01:17:15I have to do this project system which I have to add to it

01:17:21it is projected coordinate system which is what I have to do

01:17:27transverse marketer

01:17:28WGS 19

01:17:31UTM 43rd zone

01:17:32So I have to say

01:17:34My analysis

01:17:35I have to do that

01:17:37I have to do that

01:17:38I have to do that

01:17:38Area total

01:17:38So I have to do that

01:17:39So I have to right click

01:17:41Properties

01:17:42Area calculate

01:17:43I have to do that

01:17:44Column I have to add

01:17:45Right click

01:17:46Calculate geometry

01:17:48Yes

01:17:49Now look at

01:17:50Area disable

01:17:51Why do I have to do that

01:17:52Why do I have to do that

01:17:53Because it was geographic coordinate system

01:17:54I have to do that

01:17:55Project system

01:17:55Calculate

01:17:56To do that

01:17:57Area

01:17:57Now go to the unit

01:17:59Calculate

01:18:00Let's say

01:18:01Analyse

01:18:03Square

01:18:04Km

01:18:04Square

01:18:07Km

01:18:08Okay

01:18:08Yes

01:18:09Direct

01:18:11Area

01:18:12Calculate

01:18:12Now go to the next

01:18:15And let's say

01:18:16My job is like

01:18:19Area

01:18:20Wives

01:18:20Colors

01:18:21That

01:18:21The big area

01:18:23Area

01:18:24Area

01:18:24Different

01:18:26Color

01:18:26Is

01:18:27Different

01:18:29Color

01:18:30So I have to do that

01:18:31In terms of square km

01:18:33And here

01:18:35Area

01:18:36Area

01:18:38Display

01:18:39To

01:18:39Display

01:18:40To

01:18:40Click

01:18:43Label

01:18:44Name

01:18:44Area

01:18:46Square

01:18:46To

01:18:47Do

01:18:47To

01:18:49To

01:18:49Where

01:18:58To

01:19:17To

01:19:18To

01:19:18Now look at this coordinate system, so layer, right click, property, now this coordinate system is basically equal distance cylindrical

01:19:28coordinate system.

01:19:29Let's say, Equal Area Conic, Apply and OK, now look at this shape, because it has preserved area.

01:19:41If you look at this coordinate system, if you look at this coordinate system, then look at this phase.

01:19:48Let's say, 43 North, U-T-M coordinate system, Apply, OK.

01:19:54If you look at this coordinate system, then look at this.

01:19:57So, these are different projections.

01:19:59Earth, because it is 3D coordinate system, you have all maps to do,

01:20:04so you have to locate the features in different places.

01:20:08So, what do you want to present?

01:20:11So, this is a projection system.

01:20:14If you look at this question or something, then practically, I have to try to understand it.

01:20:20And then, if you look at this question, you have to ask me,

01:20:27and I think this is the most difficult topic.

01:20:29And the things that we have to do, it is easy to find this.

01:20:32If this is difficult, it is natural, it is not a problem.

01:20:39If you look at this question, we will clear it.

01:20:41Let's get started.

Lecture - 02- Coordinates Reference Systems

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