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Combining diplomacy and drug enforcement at the ground level, Nixon's War on Drugs forced drug cartels to radically adapt new business methods, and thus, from the ashes of the Old World, drug trafficking reorganized at lightning speed and grew exponentially. Enter the era of the drug lord. Now, the world faced a new, unprecedented level of narcotics trafficking, one with seething ambition.
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00:07The
00:40In 1971, Richard Nixon launched the war on drugs.
00:47Across the United States, the same scenes were repeated, drug busts, mass arrests and prison sentences.
00:57Ex-soldiers back from Vietnam were systematically tested and weaned off.
01:07The world's leading producer of heroin, France, was in Washington's sights.
01:12The Corsican Mafia, the pillar of the French connection, was the number one target.
01:19For 20 years, the Corsican mob prospered due to denial, impunity and protection.
01:26Then suddenly, Nixon thumped his fist on the table.
01:33France witnessed its first deaths by overdose. Heroin became a major public health issue.
01:40French President George Pompidou welcomed Nixon's pressure.
01:45His secret service was beyond control. The drug rings needed to be broken up.
01:51With the help of the Americans, who sent machines, cars and equipment, and who financed the operations,
01:59it became possible to disband parts of the drug syndicate and close down the clandestine laboratories.
02:10Washington sent agents from its brand new Drug Enforcement Administration.
02:16Specializing in intelligence, the DEA partnered the French police in its investigations.
02:22Within five years, 3,010 traffickers and dealers were arrested and the chemists of the Corsican Mafia fled.
02:28The French connection was dismantled.
02:32Nixon's drug war was, in one sense, brilliantly successful.
02:38He combines diplomacy at the highest level with the enforcement activities of the Drug Enforcement Administration
02:46to concentrate the full power of the United States against narcotics.
02:54The first battle was won.
02:57But in the mid-1970s, the drug market exploded across the globe, as consumption reached unprecedented levels.
03:09To conquer this market, a new generation of traffickers would build powerful criminal organizations headed by the so-called drug
03:17lords.
03:18Through them, four tactical axes of power emerged, which would turn drug trafficking into a globalized industry.
03:28Organized crime is the most agile business in the world.
03:32You squeeze it, you pressure it, it will simply adapt to the existing conditions.
03:37It's like water, it follows the path of least resistance, and it will always move around obstacles.
03:49From the ashes of the old world, drug traffic rose and reorganized at lightning speed.
03:55In Mexico, those who had been farming poppies and marijuana for 20 years were the first to understand.
04:02The elimination of the French connection was an amazing opportunity for Mexican farming communities.
04:13The price of raw opium quadrupled in just a few months.
04:22New poppy fields were hastily planted in the fertile mountains of Sinaloa.
04:28The DEA launched a huge operation with the Mexican army.
04:40In 1976, Washington supplied all kinds of herbicides to spray over the poppy and marijuana fields.
04:49Whole villages were forced to migrate. Small producers and smugglers were jailed.
04:57The farmers who managed to survive did so by being better negotiators and by being more inventive,
05:04both in their produce and in the way they trafficked it.
05:12The survivors of this vast operation shifted their production and organized themselves under the leadership of a trafficker from a
05:19poor family in Sinaloa.
05:20Miguel Aurel Félix Gallardo.
05:24He's a very interesting guy. He was a former federal policeman.
05:29So he understood the workings of the police. Very important to any drug trafficker.
05:36He also was, for a time, a bodyguard to the governor of Sinaloa.
05:42So he understood the political world.
05:46And he understood the drug trafficking world.
05:48So if you've got a foot in those three worlds, that's a recipe for success.
05:58Felix Gallardo based himself in Mexico's second largest city, Guadalajara.
06:03By uniting the smartest producers and traffickers, he would gain control of nearly all of the country's heroin and marijuana
06:10markets.
06:11The first big Mexican drug cartel was born.
06:15The Guadalajara cartel soon amassed a colossal fortune.
06:20Felix Gallardo became a member of the executive committee of a bank where it was able to massively launder all
06:29the profits of his and his cartel members' international trafficking.
06:37Through his bank, Felix Gallardo reinvested his money in legal activities.
06:44He became a respected businessman and delighted in rubbing shoulders with Mexican high society.
06:51The crackdown carried out a few years earlier had failed to curb the rise of the first Mexican drug lord.
06:58Worse still, it actually facilitated it.
07:02The more law enforcement, the more natural selection you have.
07:07It's the survival of the fittest.
07:09It's the drug traffickers that are most capable of evading law enforcement,
07:14that have the greatest capacity to out-compete their rivals, whether through smartness or through aggression,
07:22and that have the greatest capacity to corrupt at least local officials that survive the fight.
07:36As heroin continued to flow onto the American market, another drug surfaced deep within the Andes.
07:45Cocaine.
07:47In Peru and Bolivia, where the coca leaf had been used for millennia to ward off hunger and altitude sickness,
07:55chemistry waved its magic wand.
07:58When you see how this drug is made, it doesn't give you the desire to try it.
08:04The coca leaves are macerated for three days in kerosene.
08:08The concoction is mixed with lime and left to macerate again.
08:13The stench is revolting.
08:14This fearsome chemistry continues with additions of acid, ether and acetone.
08:26In the early 70s, a gram of coke sold in the United States for $700.
08:39Extremely rare, the white powder lit up the world of finance, the walls of Wall Street and the jet set.
08:46It was the drug of triumphant capitalism, the drug of the successful.
08:51There was actually a Time magazine cover, the champagne of drugs.
08:54Here's a wonderful drug that you can get high on and it's not addictive.
08:59Wrong.
09:00Dead wrong.
09:01But as a result, there are political consequences.
09:05The DEA was instructed, you will devote all your investigative effort toward heroin.
09:12You will not devote investigative effort to cocaine trafficking.
09:20The path was open for the large scale control of this new market.
09:24In Colombia, a handful of criminals began production without encountering the slightest obstacle.
09:30A poor country, Colombia was a vast territory of jungles and mountains which escaped all state control.
09:37There, the traffickers were kings.
09:45Colombia is traditionally a very libertarian country.
09:50Its people naturally and instinctively reject all concentration of power.
09:54It's very clear to see that they totally reject all forms of authority.
10:03In the early 1970s, Colombian traffickers bought cocaine in Bolivia and Peru and smuggled it into the United States.
10:12The frenzied American market brought them mind-boggling profits.
10:22In Medellin, a young trafficker convinced other criminals to step up a level.
10:29Together, they would increase deliveries and seize control of the cocaine market.
10:34This was the birth of the Medellin cartel.
10:41Pablo Escobar was the enforcer.
10:46Every drug trafficker had to pay him a percentage.
10:51And he provided a series of services in exchange for that percentage.
10:55One, he guaranteed loads.
10:57So he would put together loads from various different traffickers.
11:00And then he would ensure they were delivered to the United States.
11:04If a shipment was lost, he would make it up.
11:08He just didn't invent cocaine trafficking.
11:11He industrialized it and moved it to this enormous scale.
11:19The Medellin cartel purchased a fleet of aircraft and began smuggling tons of cocaine into southern Florida.
11:31In Miami, drug dealers waged their own war for control.
11:35America discovered the bloody face of cocaine.
11:42Ralph, the shootout occurred at about 2.30 this afternoon when two or more Latin males entered the Crown Liquor
11:48Store here on the west end of the Dade Land Mall.
11:50They were followed by two or three other Latin males and then the shooting began.
11:56Around Dade County, the bodies are piling up almost faster than they can be counted.
12:01Yesterday, two men were killed in medley when they threatened an armed man.
12:04In a bloody 24-hour stretch of Dade County and the aliens.
12:09There have been so many murders throughout Greater Miami lately that a special refrigerated truck is now being used by
12:16the Dade Medical Examiner's Office to store all the bodies.
12:23Shocked by the scale of the violence, the DEA traced the problem back to Colombia.
12:27In 1979, President Jimmy Carter imposed an extradition treaty on the Colombian government.
12:35All traffickers arrested by the police in Colombia would henceforth be tried and jailed in the United States.
12:42Escobar realized the threat.
12:44To stop Parliament from ratifying the treaty, he handsomely paid off a large number of politicians.
12:51But he wanted further guarantees.
12:54In 1982, aged 33, Escobar entered politics himself.
12:59Running as a wealthy businessman, he was elected as an alternate member of the Chamber of Representatives.
13:19From then on, money was no longer his only goal.
13:24He started dreaming of controlling the country. Power became his main objective.
13:30Behind this man who owned one of the biggest drug businesses in the world was a killer and a man
13:35who was hungry for power.
13:38He wanted to become president of this country.
13:45Having infiltrated the Colombian democracy, Pablo Escobar succeeded in having the extradition treaty blocked.
13:52In the United States, nobody imagined that this young politician was none other than he who had turned cocaine into
13:58a powerful industry.
14:11The industrialization of drugs was also ongoing in Asia.
14:18After the Vietnam War and the departure of American GIs, Thailand sailed alone in a sea of red.
14:25The kingdom feared communist incursions into its territory.
14:29A young warlord would take advantage of this new geopolitical order.
14:33He went by the name of Khun Sa, the Prince of Prosperity.
14:39Khun Sa is an extraordinary figure.
14:42Khun Sa is of that kind.
14:45An inconsequential individual who would have had a life as a market trader or a farmer or a localized businessman
14:55who gets transformed into a man of extraordinary power.
15:03Born in Burma and having received military training as a youngster, he became a militiaman in the pay of the
15:10ruthless Burmese dictatorship.
15:13Khun Sa then founded his own army, financed by the opium trade.
15:17Soon at the head of 2,000 armed men, he crossed the border and sold his services to the powers
15:23that be in Thailand.
15:28He was pretty good at sensing where the power lay and the maximum amount of resources he could extract from
15:38the power.
15:39Arms, immunity, the right to traffic.
15:46The kingdom of Thailand welcomed Khun Sa with open arms.
15:50With his armed men, he would defend the border against communist incursions.
15:55In exchange, the so-called Prince of Prosperity was given carte blanche for his trafficking.
16:05His opium caravans freely traveled across borders.
16:12The Thai supreme command had base camps for them, protected them and of course received a percentage of their profits.
16:27Khun Sa built a very large heroin laboratory and he became quite a powerful drug lord.
16:37Khun Sa was picked up on the DEA radar, but Thailand refused to hand over its precious ally to Washington.
16:45Faced with this stalemate, the members of the American Congress tried a different approach and sent one of their emissaries
16:52to negotiate with Khun Sa, as the British documentary maker Adrian Cowell looked on.
17:01As we had introduced Joan Ellis, Chief Counsel of the Congressional Committee, we were allowed to film this historic meeting.
17:16Only the president and the administration has the authority to make agreements concerning the purchase of opium.
17:25Let me ask Khun Sa, what would have to be done to eliminate opium production in the Shan states?
17:46We want you to help make contact to the persons who can come and collect all the opium grown in
17:56our country, either to throw it or to burn it.
18:02In this game of diplomacy, Khun Sa didn't present himself as a drug trafficker, but as a defender of his
18:08people, the Shan, who were being brutally repressed in Burma.
18:12Shan state was also the main opium production area in the Golden Triangle, a coveted region in a constant state
18:19of war.
18:19What was the name of the shun?
18:24Certainly in his group, in his army, there were people with strong shun political objectives, but there were also people
18:33in his group with many economic objectives.
18:36And Khun Sa was very smart in sort of balancing these two groups in his own army.
18:41Publicly saying, I'm fighting for shun political rights, at the same time making most of the money of the drug
18:47trade and becoming deeply involved in it, and he was very good at it.
18:54Khun Sa boasted that he was powerful enough to assemble all the opium production of Shan state and transfer it
19:00to the United States in exchange of a few million dollars with which he could help his people.
19:04The proposal made its way to the White House, but Washington preferred strong arm tactics.
19:10To eradicate opium from the Golden Triangle, the US armed the Burmese military and its bloodthirsty generals.
19:20American helicopters failed to destroy a single opium field, instead firing on rebelling minorities.
19:45The Prince of Prosperity could continue his rise as opium continued to make its way to his laboratories.
19:54Protected in Thailand, he stepped up production and was given a new nickname, the King of Heroin.
20:04The Prince of Prosperity could continue to make its way to the United States.
20:13The Prince of Prosperity could continue to make its way to the United States.
20:14The Prince of Prosperity could continue to make its way to the United States.
20:15Meanwhile, in Europe, in the mid-1970s, a small group of Cosa Nostra mobsters hired the former French Connection chemists.
20:26Known as the Godfathers of Palermo, they brought in opium from the Middle East to supply their illicit labs on
20:32the Sicilian coast.
20:35The Godfathers set up a distribution network in the United States, in pizza restaurants in the New York area, soon
20:42baptised by the FBI as the Pizza Connection.
20:47Very soon, the sums of money involved became astronomical.
20:51Sicilian banks were unable to soak up all the cash generated by the traffic.
21:00The local Sicilian banking system exploded, so some of this money made its way to countries with strict banking secrecy
21:07policies, such as Switzerland, and a whole system in place to cover any tracks.
21:15Since the early 20th century, a parallel financial system has been put in place to get around the tax laws
21:21of Western nations.
21:24And mobsters realised, once they started earning big bucks, that this system worked wonders for them.
21:31The Mafia didn't create this capitalist financial system. Everything was organised so that tax evasion remained secret.
21:41In Sicily, the nouveau riche of the Mafia showed off their luxury cars and private yachts.
21:48The other Mafia families, who weren't rolling in this new money, were infuriated.
21:52But the godfathers of Palermo didn't care. They were protected by fearsome henchmen.
21:58From the small village of Corleone, their leader, Toto Rina, was the bloodthirstiest killer ever recruited by Cosa Nostra.
22:09For Rina, killing a man was as easy as lighting a cigarette.
22:17When something didn't suit him, he'd say, we'll kill him.
22:20Nobody dared to upset Rina, because if he did, he knew he wouldn't be going home for dinner.
22:28The godfathers of Palermo saw Rina as a brainless psychopath.
22:32But instead of wiping out the families that were angry with Cosa Nostra, Toto Rina united them to grow in
22:38strength.
22:39The various families provided him with dozens of new killers.
22:48In April 1981, what was mistakenly called the Mafia War broke out.
22:54It wasn't a war at all.
22:56A war presupposes two armies going face to face and the strongest winning.
23:01Here, there was only one army, Rina's.
23:03This was a liquidation.
23:11He killed people on the street, left their bodies outside police stations, carried out spectacular executions.
23:20Whereas the old-school Sicilian Mafia generally used the so-called Lupada Bianca, white wolf, meaning a murder with no
23:28body.
23:32So that doubt lingers.
23:35Of course he's not dead. He's gone to the United States.
23:42Toto Rina left 2,000 corpses in his wake and became head of Cosa Nostra.
23:49Under his reign, dizzied by the phenomenal sums of money brought in by heroin, the Sicilian mob went a step
23:55too far.
23:59In 1982, the Communist Party parliamentarian Pio Latore drafted an anti-mafia bill.
24:06A few weeks later, he was assassinated.
24:12Previously, when everything was done clandestinely, when there was no spotlights, a large part of the government turned a blind
24:19eye.
24:19If I can use such a euphemism.
24:22Thanks to Rina, or rather due to him, nobody could look away anymore.
24:28The state needed to send out a strong signal that it was present and intended to repost.
24:36The day after Latore's death, a new governor was appointed in Sicily.
24:41A man known for his fight against terrorism, General Dalla Chiesa.
24:48He was in turn assassinated.
24:52In the 1980s, Toto Rina adopted a kind of hubris and believed he could become the boss of bosses.
24:59Added to that was his totally crazy idea that he was capable of rivalling the state.
25:06He has even been attributed with saying this,
25:09In Sicily, I am the state.
25:14With this escalation of violence, politicians were gripped by fear.
25:19Even the most corrupt among them.
25:21Parliament passed the assassinated Communist Party member's bill,
25:25and the word mafia entered Italian criminal law for the first time.
25:28The enemy had been identified.
25:33The first drug labs were dismantled, and dozens of low-ranking mafiosi were arrested.
25:39But more would be needed to rock the organization.
25:48Cosa Nostra's white powder was flooding New York.
25:52In 1982, the Big Apple accounted for half of the United States' 200,000 heroin addicts.
25:58For President Reagan, the drug challenge was even greater than the one Nixon had faced.
26:03Especially since a new epidemic was spreading, the country now counted 10 million users of cocaine.
26:14The president mobilized his special forces in Florida.
26:20The Medellin cartel suffered severe losses.
26:26Escobar realized he had to find new routes into the States.
26:31And that's how, in 1984, somewhere in Mexico, the Medellin cartel met the Guadalajara cartel.
26:41The Colombians thought, hey, if we don't move drugs into the United States, then maybe the DEA won't come for
26:49us.
26:49If we sell it to the Mexicans, then surely the DEA will just chase the Mexicans.
26:55Which was rather flawed thinking, because, judicially, if you're involved in any link in the drug chain, you can be
27:00prosecuted.
27:04They joined forces with the Colombians to transport the cocaine and offered them Mexico's greatest asset for narco-trafficking, its
27:11border with the United States, which is impossible to control.
27:15And then the Colombians come in and say, well, we need you to move tons and tons and tons of
27:22cocaine.
27:25The Mexican traffickers kept all of their promises and tons of cocaine crossed the border into the United States.
27:32The Guadalajara cartel became almighty.
27:36In the fall of 1984, the DEA still hadn't worked out what had just happened.
27:42One of its agents, Enrique Camarena, discovered a vast marijuana plantation.
27:48Hundreds of hectares, all immediately destroyed.
27:53A few months later, DEA agent Enrique Camarena disappeared.
27:59We didn't know what had happened to our agent, what had happened to Agent Camarena.
28:03We didn't know, we couldn't get a straight answer from the Mexican government.
28:07And that was, when the border was shut down, the Mexican government literally told the traffickers,
28:14we have to produce the body, because they knew he was dead.
28:23Enrique Camarena's atrociously mutilated body was finally found.
28:27It was discovered later that the special agent had been kidnapped by the Mexican police,
28:32with the complicity of the Mexican secret service, and handed over to the Guadalajara cartel.
28:41Gallardo's main associates were arrested.
28:45The drug lord went underground.
28:49So one of the things the investigation did was expose the high level of corruption in Mexico in a way
28:55that had never been exposed before to the light of day.
28:59That case revealed the widespread corruption among the secret service and intelligence agents.
29:07And it became clear that they were the real bosses.
29:14They were the ones who decided which drug trafficker reigned over which territory.
29:20And they earned huge sums from this drug running.
29:23It's even said that some of the money found its way all the way up to the Interior Ministry.
29:30The DEA's investigation uncovered the best kept secret in Mexican politics.
29:36The sole party in power since the 1930s, the PRI, maintained its grip by racketeering all kinds of economic activities,
29:44both legal and illegal.
29:48And when drug trafficking became rooted in Mexico, the country became a narco state.
29:58Lots of people say that narco traffic penetrated the Mexican government.
30:04But I don't think the Mexican government was penetrated by anything.
30:08Mexican narco traffic, drug smuggling, is an integral part of the entire political system.
30:18Basically, the state offered the men who run drug trafficking in Mexico a deal.
30:23Associate yourselves with the PRI and we'll look after your interests.
30:27It was too good an offer to turn down.
30:29If they didn't accept, the state would crush them.
30:42In Colombia, the truth came out at the same moment.
30:47In 1984, the new Justice Minister, Rodrigo Lara, found the courage to unmask Pablo Escobar.
30:55Colombia has a commitment to drugs because it's a country that's used as a traffic center,
31:02as a processing center and as a production center.
31:06In the parliament, Rodrigo Lara publicly accused Escobar of being a drug trafficker.
31:13The Prime Minister of Justice has a period of 24 hours to present the concrete tests
31:19of the syndication that I made on the day yesterday in the Cámara of Representatives.
31:27Too sure of himself, Escobar had forgotten one detail.
31:30An old case resurfaced when a reporter from the popular daily El Espectador discovered in the newspaper's archives an article
31:39that had appeared in 1976.
31:43The young Pablo Escobar arrested in possession of 19 kilos of cocaine.
31:51For the first time, we had solid proof that Pablo Escobar, who couldn't be accused or indicted for anything through
31:58lack of proof,
31:59was heavily involved in drug trafficking.
32:02In a surprising move, Congress removed his parliamentary immunity and Escobar was forced to go underground.
32:09He would never be an official politician nor an official drug trafficker.
32:17Justice Minister Rodrigo Lara embarked on a crusade.
32:21He grounded Escobar's planes and demolished his labs in the jungle.
32:29He launched a suicidal hunt for Escobar.
32:36and in doing so signed his own death warrant.
32:41On April the 30th, 1984 in Bogota,
32:45Rodrigo Lara was shot by a teenage assassin employed by the Medellin cartel.
32:49It was a declaration of war.
32:53The Colombian president hit back by ratifying the dormant extradition treaty with Washington.
33:02Pablo Escobar entrenched himself in Medellin, protected by the population for whom he constructed homes, schools and soccer stadiums.
33:10He recruited an army of 2,000 teenagers.
33:14These new henchmen got rid of anyone who threatened Escobar's reign.
33:18Journalists, judges, policemen and politicians.
33:22Despite the danger, the Justice Department continued to gather evidence against the boss of the Medellin cartel in preparation for
33:30his extradition.
33:36In 1985, Escobar made a pact with the Marxist guerrilla group M-19, which led an assault on the Palace
33:43of Justice in Bogota.
33:49Pablo Escobar's case file was destroyed.
33:53After a two-day siege, the Palace of Justice went up in flames.
34:09For drug lords, dabbling in politics is usually highly beneficial.
34:14Playing on their Robin Hood image as defenders of the poor and victims of a repressive state, they enjoy strong
34:20popular support.
34:23And the more they're attacked by the state, the stronger they become.
34:28Deep within the Golden Triangle, Kun Sa was the perfect example of this phenomenon.
34:35In the early 1980s, the region's geopolitics changed radically.
34:39China had opened itself up to other nations, peace returned, and the Kingdom of Thailand no longer needed its troublesome
34:47allies.
34:48Serving no further purpose, the King of Heroin was chased out of the country and sought refuge in his homeland
34:54of Burma.
34:56Kun Sa set up his new laboratories in Shan State without the slightest opposition from the Burmese dictatorship.
35:03He must have made, paid off, paid money to Myanmar army commanders in the region.
35:10It's hard to find evidence for that, of course, but I think if you look at how things have developed
35:14over the years,
35:15it makes a lot of sense that some arrangements were there.
35:17He had tried to form relationships with the Burmese army generals, commanders, and they kept on being friends.
35:31The Burmese military dictatorship was one of the most repressive in the world.
35:36After 20 years in power, the generals had impoverised the country and provoked uprisings by dozens of minorities.
35:44By allying themselves with Kun Sa, they purchased peace in Shan State, which represented a quarter of Burma.
35:51Kun Sa offered them that which counted most in their eyes, stability in a region that had been in constant
35:56rebellion.
35:58Kun Sa did something extraordinary.
36:00He gradually, by assassinating rival leaders, by using basically the threat of death,
36:08he forced the Shan, the fragmented Shan movement to increasingly respect him as the leader.
36:15And he built an armed force of 20,000 men.
36:18I would say that having a big army is not to fight.
36:30I have a big army because I don't want to fight.
36:36If I have a small army, the Burmese would always try to search me and then try to eliminate me.
36:50The Burmese army would not attack Kun Sa, and Kun Sa could continue to present himself as the great defender
36:56of his people, the Shan,
36:58all the while keeping his factories ticking around the clock.
37:18Kun Sa flooded the heroin market by selling his drug's cut price.
37:30In 1980s Europe, syringes passed from arm to arm.
37:35Addiction and AIDS spread, sowing the seeds of death.
37:51In about 1981, Burma was producing around 500 tons of opium a year.
37:56By 1989, it was producing 2,500 tons, a 500% increase.
38:03One of the most rapid increases in opium production up to that point in history.
38:07Probably, as far as we know, the most rapid increase.
38:12Thousands of kilometers away in Sicily.
38:18To attack Cosa Nostra godfather Toto Rina, the most fearless investigating magistrates joined forces in an anti-mafia pool,
38:27alongside the two charismatic figures of Paolo Borsolino and Giovanni Falcone.
38:37Do you think that one day we will see the end of the mafia?
38:44I think we will see it neither you nor me.
38:47One day he said this to me.
38:49You know Giuseppe, drugs leave no trace.
38:52You have to catch someone red-handed, otherwise you get nothing.
38:55But money does leave traces.
38:57So it was obvious we had to attack the mafia's bank accounts.
39:02They started looking into their cash flows.
39:05And Falcone, even before there was anti-money laundering legislation,
39:09tried to track dirty money and hit the mafiosi's wallets.
39:12He carried out detailed financial investigations,
39:15which also taught him a great deal about how financial markets, banking systems and banking secrecy worked.
39:26Judge Falcone tracked the money to the tax havens of Switzerland, Panama and Guernsey, and initiated more than 20,000
39:33banking investigations.
39:35Falcone's method then followed the money across the Atlantic to the United States, where he worked closely with the FBI
39:42to unravel the pizza connection.
39:49Since there had never been any investigations of this kind before, mafiosi wrote checks with impunity.
39:56I saw checks for one billion lira going through because they were untroubled.
40:00Nobody had ever looked into the banks.
40:06In 1983, a leading figure in Cosa Nostra, Tommaso Boucheta, was arrested in Brazil.
40:12The totally unexpected occurred when he broke the mafia code of Omerta.
40:19He was the victim of brutal repression by Totorina, who killed pretty much his whole family.
40:26He found himself alone, and as revenge, he would reveal all the secret inner workings of Cosa Nostra to Judge
40:33Falcone.
40:37Tommaso Boucheta's statements speeded up Falcone and the FBI's financial investigations.
40:42A wave of arrests led to the two biggest trials ever to implicate the mafia.
40:48The maxi trial in Palermo, and that of the pizza connection.
40:52In Sicily, 450 suspects were indicted.
40:56After the two-year trial, the court gave its verdict.
41:00360 prison sentences amounting to a collective total of 2,500 years.
41:06Totorina, who was on the run, was sentenced to life.
41:10In New York, at the trials of the pizza connection, bosses and their associates also tumbled.
41:20We never seized a single gram of heroin.
41:23Everything was reconstructed, thanks to international cooperation and money transfers.
41:27Without Falcone, the whole investigation would never have been seen through.
41:34Thanks to Falcone, the terms money laundering and offshore accounts entered into common usage.
41:40The Italian magistrate had found the fatal weapon that could bring down drug trafficking, tracking money to where it was
41:47stashed, in the banks.
41:49It frightens the drug traffickers way more than some of their leadership being killed.
41:56If we're talking about money laundering, the international markets is where serious blows can be dealt.
42:04Drug trafficking is targeted through money laundering, but money laundering stretches much further than drugs.
42:12Everything is in place for cash to flow as freely as possible.
42:16There is a financial deregulation which allows more fluid movement of people and merchandise.
42:22But each state is free to make itself a tax haven or not, to have a tax system or to
42:27employ specific banking secrecy.
42:34But in those first years of financial globalization, no state could allow itself to change the foundations of its system.
42:41Reagan returned to the old methods of force and diplomacy.
42:51In 1988 in Mexico, Felix Gallardo was dropped by the men in power.
42:59But from his prison cell, the trafficker dissolved his cartel and split up his territories among his young guns.
43:05All trace was lost of what was once an easily identifiable organization.
43:10From then on, each border post was controlled by a new cartel.
43:14Washington would only realize this much later.
43:21In 1989, a few weeks after the fall of the Berlin Wall, the United States invaded Panama
43:27and brought down its dictator, Manuel Noriega, an ally of the CIA and of the drug traffickers.
43:37In the war on drugs, America freed itself of its Cold War logic.
43:44In Colombia, the rumor of a military intervention by Washington made the headlines.
43:49Pablo Escobar didn't want to end up in an American jail.
43:52If they wanted his head, they would have to collect it from a mountain of corpses.
43:58As long as the government refused to annul the extradition treaty, not a single street corner would be safe.
44:08After a series of blind attacks, Escobar had four presidential candidates killed.
44:13The favorite for election, Luis Carlos Galán, was assassinated during a public debate.
44:36He was replaced by his campaign manager, Cesar Gaviria, who luckily escaped an attempt on his life.
44:47Still today, it's hard to grasp the difficulty of the challenges that faced us back then.
44:54The complicity, for example, among the law enforcement agencies, the police, the army, in the deaths of certain public figures.
45:04Why do I say that?
45:06Because when you see complicity like that, you realize what little control we had over the country.
45:14The cartels had turned Colombia into a living hell.
45:21Elected President Cesar Gaviria held one of the most dangerous positions in the world.
45:27To stop the carnage, he negotiated the conditions for peace with Pablo Escobar.
45:32In exchange for his arrest, he promised to revise the constitution and withdraw the extradition treaty.
45:40It was a massive challenge.
45:43We needed to find a response, which was not authoritarian, but democratic, to a crisis of terrifying violence.
45:51Terrible.
45:54On June 19, 1991, the boss of the Medellin cartel surrendered to the authorities.
46:00On the wall of the living room of his prison cell, which had been decorated to his taste, Pablo Escobar
46:06proudly displayed his DEA arrest warrant.
46:12For Colombia, denounce the narco-traffickers.
46:18Wanted, Pablo Escobar Gaviria.
46:22Reward, 2,700,000 pesos.
46:27But Escobar didn't stay long in his bunkered palace.
46:30He soon realized he was losing control of the drug traffic and organized his escape.
46:38His competitors and associates, who had taken advantage of his absence, would join forces to bring him down.
46:46The mobsters decided to cooperate with the police.
46:49With the help of their killers and informants, the manhunt made rapid progress.
46:59They took a massive risk, and it's something I still question today regarding the war on drugs.
47:06That to rid itself of a single trafficker, the state allied itself to all of his enemies.
47:22On December 2, 1993, Pablo Escobar was shot dead on a Medellin rooftop.
47:32It took the combined efforts of all parties, the DEA, the Colombian police force, and the drug traffickers, to finally
47:39bring down the biggest cocaine trafficker in the world.
47:42Bravo! Bravo! Bravo! Bravo! pewnio!
48:03On May 25, 1992, all Italy was in mourning.
48:08Inside the church, the voice of a woman spoke out.
48:56In the coffins, the bodies of Giovanni Falcone, his wife and three members of his police escort, all blown to
49:03bits by a bomb.
49:08For this tragic crime, the crowd blamed the political system, which had always protected Cosa Nostra.
49:27In turn, judge Paolo Borsolino would also die in a car bomb attack.
49:42We're still waiting for answers. There are things that have never been revealed, archives that have never been made public.
49:49But one thing is clear. In the assassinations of Falcone and Borsolino, regarding the quantity of the explosives, it would
49:57have been impossible for the mafia, even with all its contacts, to have acquired such a large amount without leaving
50:03some kind of trace.
50:10So, there are a lot of grey areas.
50:16The FBI investigators, who were close to the two Italian judges, arrived, bringing support and brand new technology.
50:22For the first time in Europe, DNA samples were collected from the crime scenes.
50:28More than a thousand people were arrested.
50:31Toto Rina's tactics were turning against him.
50:34Betrayed by his own men, the boss of bosses was jailed in 1993 and would die behind bars 25 years
50:41later.
50:47Cosa Nostra was weakened by the arrests and by the statements of reformed mafiosi.
50:52The Sicilian Mafia was eradicated from the drugs network and became invisible.
50:57For Cosa Nostra, the age of the drug lords ended here.
51:20Only one drug lord remained in place. Kun Sa.
51:26But the king of heroin had just crossed the red line.
51:29In 1993, he declared the independence of Shan state.
51:35The military regime instantly sent their forces against him.
51:39Kun Sa had no other option than to negotiate his surrender.
51:43Without a shot fired, Burmese troops dominated Kun Sa's capital.
51:50In 1996, the dethroned king of heroin was granted a peaceful retirement surrounded by friends and family.
52:00Here he was, arguably the most powerful single drug lord ever.
52:07And yet, you know, once he fell from power, the downfall of history's most powerful drug lord had very little
52:16impact on the traffic.
52:18It was very difficult to do.
52:21It was very difficult to do.
52:22It was very difficult to do.
52:26It was very difficult to do.
52:30It was very difficult to do.
52:31It was very difficult to do.
52:34The era of the drug lords raised narco trafficking to a level equivalent to that of mass retailing.
52:41The heroin and cocaine businesses account for the same portion of the global economy as textiles.
52:47Only an optimist could believe that the drug lord's demise would bring an end to the problem.
52:51Because a third generation was preparing to take up the baton.
52:54And the BOB ELSE
52:57And at the bottom generation was the order of the world, and banyak women.
53:00And there was a report on this recommendation to that, but people can do not feed it anywhere, but therefore
53:00still turn.
53:00And after t hasta a few months, you can record it and they say it
53:04Clean up with much access to water and such minerals.
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